Regulation of macrophage tumor necrosis factor production by prostaglandin E2
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2016, Translational ResearchCitation Excerpt :The important experimental observations that NSAIDs, by reducing levels of PGs, were able to increase or augment the expression and release of TNF from macrophages and other cells65,68,76,77 and PG supplementation was highly efficacious in the management of NSAIDs enteropathy39,78 have opened new paradigms to the role of TNF in NSAID enteropathy. Today, there is enough experimental evidence which suggests that the ability of macrophages to release TNF is regulated by PGs.69,76,79 In particular, PGE2 has been reported to be a potent inhibitor of TNF release and gene expression in macrophages.68,69 Normally, PGs and in particular the intestinal PGE2 inhibit TNF biosynthesis in a feedback loop80,81 and conversely, inhibition of PG synthesis by NSAIDs may increase TNF production.67,82,83