Immune activation in multiple sclerosis: study of IL-2, sIL-2R, and γ-IFN levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid
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2020, iScienceCitation Excerpt :Several lines of evidence suggest that the cytokine IL-2 is involved in demyelination during MS progression. First, the number of IL-2-secreting cells and amount of IL-2 in the sera of MS patients are elevated (Gallo et al., 1988, 1989; Lu et al., 1993; Trotter et al., 1989), and second, levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2r) are increased in both the sera (Bansil et al., 1991; Gallo et al., 1989; Greenberg et al., 1988; Hartung et al., 1990; Traugott, 1987) and CSF of MS patients (Adachi et al., 1989; Kittur et al., 1990). In addition, supernatants from MS patients' T lymphocytes cause damage to myelin and glial cells in vitro (Selmaj et al., 1988a, b), suggesting that MS T lymphocytes are pre-activated in vivo to produce demyelination factors.
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2019, Molecular ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :IFN-α and IL-2 enhance ex vivo natural killer (eNK) cell cytotoxicity against the prototypical erythroleukemic target cell line, K562 (Trinchieri et al., 1984). IL-2, which is elevated in MS patient serum (Gallo et al., 1989), additionally enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against human oligodendrocytes isolated from human brain (Morse et al., 2001). IFN-α-induced cytotoxicity of NK cells is governed by certain activating receptors such as NKG2D and CD161 (Konjevic et al., 2010), and the role of different types of IFNs in MS has been described (Reder and Feng, 2014; Dumitrescu et al., 2018).
An ex-vivo multiple sclerosis model of inflammatory demyelination using hyperbranched polymer
2013, BiomaterialsCitation Excerpt :Reported levels of IFNγ in MS patients have shown conflicting results. Some studies reported elevated IFNγ levels (4–256 U/ml) in serum of MS patients [45], while other studies have reported no change compared to controls [46]. Our studies showed a transient threefold increase in released IFNγ two days after transfection compared with controls.