ArticleEffects of restraint stress and intra-ventral tegmental area injections of morphine and methyl naltrexone on the discriminative stimulus effects of heroin in the rat
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2010, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system has a role in mediating opiate discrimination (Krivsky et al., 2006; Shaham and Stewart, 1995) as well as opiate reinforcement (Bardo, 1998).
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2002, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :A high rate of relapse after prolonged drug-free periods characterizes the behavior of experienced addicts of heroin and other drugs of abuse [12]. Data from both human and rodent research showed that there are at least three types of factors that could most effectively trigger relapse, i.e. re-exposure to the drug itself [5,38], exposure to stress [1,33], or presentation of drug-associated stimuli or cues [2,21]. Thus, the question arises as to what are the mechanisms underlying the relapses triggered by these factors.
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