Histamine and its lymphocyte-selective derivatives as immune modulators

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Abstract

Histamine has long been known as a neurotransmitter, inflammatory mediator and a factor in anaphylaxis, cardiac and gastrointestinal functions. Theoretically, it should not be surprising to find that a mediator of inflammation may modulate immunity because receptors for histamine are non-randomly distributed on lymphocytes.Kenneth Melmon andManzoor Khan cite recent data primarily developed inin-vitro models of delayed hypersensitivity that demonstrate the immune modulatory role of histamine. New lymphocyte-specific histamine H1 and/or H2 agonists make it pharmacologically feasible to assess the potential of histamine as a selectivein-vivo immune modulator.

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      Histamine may also inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP formation (Nakamura et al., 2000) and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (Morse et al., 2001) or induces the chemotaxis of eosinophils, mast cells or dendritic cells (Baumer et al., 2008; Clark et al., 1975; Hofstra et al., 2003; Ling et al., 2004; O'Reilly et al., 2002). Histamine secreted from various cells following challenge by pathogens, modulates the function of neutrophils and other phagocytes mainly through the activation of H1R and H2R (Lojek et al., 2011; Melmon and Khan, 1987). One of the most important microbicidal tools of phagocytes is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ciz et al., 2012).

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