International Journal of Immunopharmacology
Innervation of lymphoid organs and implications in development, aging, and autoimmunity
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2023, Prostaglandins and Other Lipid MediatorsSensory Nerves Regulate Transcriptional Dynamics of Lymph Node Cells
2021, Trends in ImmunologyLymph nodes are innervated by a unique population of sensory neurons with immunomodulatory potential
2021, CellCitation Excerpt :In comparison, cholinergic parasympathetic fibers genetically labeled with GFP in ChATBAC-EGFP animals, where EGFP expression was driven by endogenous choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) transcriptional regulatory elements within a transgene, were never observed in LNs, even though scattered GFP+ cells were detectable in LNs, likely representing previously described ChAT+ immune cells (Reardon et al., 2013; Rosas-Ballina et al., 2011; Tallini et al., 2006; Figure S1A). As noted previously (Bellinger et al., 1992), the primary path of nerve entry into LNs closely tracked the major blood vessels that entered the LN in the hilus region (Figure 1B; Video S1). Incoming nerve fibers preferentially traveled along a subset of blood vessels that were identified as small arteries and arterioles based on selective genetic labeling in Bmx-CreERT2 × Rosa26eYFP/+mice in which arterial endothelial cells (ECs) express YFP (Ehling et al., 2013; Figure S1B).
The peripheral nervous system in hematopoietic stem cell aging
2020, Mechanisms of Ageing and DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :There they supply thin, unmyelinated fibers to a neuroreticular plexus just above the arteriolar adventitia, which is decorated by a layer of PAA cells (Itkin et al., 2016). This plexus is formed by sympathetic nerves found primarily around the arterioles, but occasionally some of those noradrenergic fibers leave the plexus and breach directly into the BM parenchyma (Bellinger et al., 1992). Adjacent to the arterioles are also Schwann cells, which surround the associated sympathetic nerves (Fig. 1A–D) (Kunisaki et al., 2013; Itkin et al., 2016; Arranz et al., 2014).
The Sympathetic Nervous System Mitigates CNS Autoimmunity via β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Immune Cells
2019, Cell ReportsCitation Excerpt :The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervates lymphoid organs including the spleen and lymph nodes (Bellinger et al., 1989, 1992; Nance and Sanders, 2007).
Sympathetic neurotransmission in spleens from aging Brown-Norway rats subjected to reduced sympathetic tone
2018, Journal of NeuroimmunologyCitation Excerpt :It provides protection and promotes healing when infection or injury occurs (Serhan, 2006; Serhan, 2014; Serhan et al., 2015), but if inflammation is left unchecked it can be detrimental to healthy aging. Inflammation is implicated in a number of chronic diseases and conditions of aging (Bellinger and Lorton, 2018; Crimmins et al., 2008), including cardiovascular disease (Dinh et al., 2014; Rodríguez-Iturbe et al., 2014) osteoarthritis (Lorenz et al., 2016; Pongratz and Straub, 2014), osteoporosis (Azuma et al., 2015), autoimmune diseases (Bellinger et al., 1992a, 1992b; Pongratz and Straub, 2014; Elenkov and Chrousos, 2002), insulin resistance and diabetes (Kaaja and Pöyhönen-Alho, 2006; Ha et al., 2016), muscle wasting and frailty (Straub, 2012; Walston, 2015). Thus, rodent models of neural-immune regulation that emulate healthy and unhealthy aging in humans are valuable for identifying strategies to improve elderly health, longevity and quality of life.