Models for the study of arrhythmias in myocardial ischaemia and infarction: the use of the rat

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    • Vanillylmandelic acid protects against reperfusion injury in an experimental animal model of myocardial infarction

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      The 60-minute experiment was separated into two periods: the occlusion period, in which the left anterior descending artery remained occluded, and lasted for 30 min and the reperfusion period (30 min). Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were quantified using the Curtis scoring system [17]. It is an algorithm, which assigns a number to an arrhythmogenic incident in proportion to its severity; where the higher the number is the more severe the incident.

    • The lambeth conventions (II): Guidelines for the study of animal and human ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias

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      Measures that have been used as a qualitative index of the severity of ischaemia include: visual inspection for cyanosis and dyskinetic regional wall motion; ST segment elevation; epicardial activation delay; ST-T alternans; regional increases in extracellular potassium concentration, increased local venous lactate concentration (there are thousands of relevant papers in the literature), but qualitative assessment is sufficient only in species that invariably have negligible collateral coronary arteries, such as rat, mouse, ferret, rabbit, marmoset and pig (Garamella et al., 1957; Lumb & Hardy, 1963; Maxwell et al., 1987; Rees & Curtis, 1993a, 1993b; Curtis, 1998; Pabla & Curtis, 2007; Stables & Curtis, 2009). In the latter, coronary occlusion produces zones of severe ischaemia with negligible residual flow (Curtis, 1998), and verification of an appropriate severity of ischaemia requires only the measurement of the involved territory (ischaemic, reperfused or infarcted territory) in each preparation to validate that the territory is of acceptable magnitude (Curtis et al., 1987; Curtis, 1998). In animals, for example, cats and dogs (Maxwell et al., 1987), whose hearts often have extensive collateral communications and residual flow, evidence of the severity (depth) of ischaemia within the involved territory must additionally be provided.

    • Retrograde heart perfusion: The Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion

      2011, Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
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      Monitoring of the electrocardiogram or monophasic action potentials can be readily achieved on the isolated perfused heart through the use of appropriate electrodes. Assuming the selection of an appropriate species of study, investigators may use the Langendorff preparation in the investigation of arrhythmogenesis and its applicability to human disease [13]. By far the commonest bicarbonate buffer used by researchers utilising the Langendorff perfused isolated mammalian heart is the buffer described by Krebs and Henseleit in 1932 [14].

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    Present address: Cardiovascular Research, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1, UK

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