Photosensitizing activity of the anti-bacterial drugs sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07468-4

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Volume 39, Issue 1, May 1997, Pages 63-72

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07468-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

The photochemical reactions in vitro of sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim were studied to obtain information on the photosensitization mechanism. Sulfamethoxazole in aqueous solution, on exposure to UVB radiation, generates free radicals and singlet oxygen, with the neutral molecule being at least twice as active as the sulfamethoxazole anion. Photoexcited sulfamethoxazole can participate in electron transfer to cytochrome-c and nitro blue tetrazolium, and sensitizes the peroxidation of linoleic acid and the hemolysis of human erythrocytes, predominantly by a free radical mechanism. Trimethoprim is relatively inactive in the same photochemical systems.

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Several works reported the occurrence of indirect photolysis in actual waters due to the presence of inorganic ions that may generate reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO) and singlet oxygen (1O2) under radiation exposure, as well as by the release of potential electrons during the water ionization [23,24]. Moreover, photosensitization may happen by light absorbing species (e.g., organic matter in its triplet state) with the capacity to decompose organic compounds [25–33]. As previously mentioned, both river water and wastewater's physicochemical characteristics were evaluated, and the results are given in Table 1.
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This result can be associated with the fact that SMX exhibits phosphorescence emission at 410 nm, revealing the formation of an excited triplet state. However, TMP does not present phosphorescence emission, presumably resulting in a low formation of the triplet state (Zhou and Moore, 1997). Note that, in general, the phosphorescence emission can be used to provide evidence of photochemical reactivity because, in most cases, it is related to the relatively long-lived triplet state.
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Regular paperPhotosensitizing activity of the anti-bacterial drugs sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

Abstract

Int. J. Pharm.

J. Pharm. Sci.

Anal. Biochem.

FEBS Lett.

J. Invest. Dermatol.

Mutat. Res.

Toxicol. in Vitro

Chemosphere

The use of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole in the treatment of chest infections

Rev. Infect. Dis.