Archival ReportError-Related Brain Activity Predicts Cocaine Use After Treatment at 3-Month Follow-up
Section snippets
Participants
Fifty-seven cocaine-dependent patients were recruited from an addiction treatment center (Bouman GGZ) in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Inclusion criteria were 1) age between 18 and 65 years, 2) presence of the DSM-IV diagnosis for cocaine dependence (assessed by both a physician and a research psychologist), and 3) the ability to speak, read, and write in Dutch at an eighth-grade literacy level. Exclusion criteria were 1) indications of severe psychopathology (i.e., psychosis, severe mood
Results
First, we confirmed that the cocaine-dependent patients in the current sample have a reduced ERN compared with nondependent control subjects (F1,70 = 10.03, p<.01; Figure 1), which is similar to the results of Franken and colleagues (28). Results on the behavioral measures of the flanker task are reported in Supplement 1.
Second, recent cocaine use was directly associated with total years of cocaine use, cocaine use in the 30 days before treatment, craving in the week before treatment, and the
Discussion
The current study is one of the few to link basic neurocognitive control processes directly with clinical outcome. It is the first to examine error-related brain activity as a predictor of cocaine use after treatment. In line with our hypothesis, the results showed that a reduced ERN in cocaine-dependent patients in treatment is associated with later cocaine use. The ERN seems a robust predictor of cocaine use after treatment, even when controlling for other predictors such as addiction
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