Calcium microdomains in mitochondria and nucleus
Section snippets
What are microdomains and how do we evidence them?
Vectorial metabolism was the frame for the chemiosmotic rationale [1]. The term stresses that chemical reactions inside living cells are not dimensionless but have spatial coordinates. The three-dimensional nature of metabolism does also imply that, even at the level of a single-cell, composition may not be homogeneous, but domains with different concentrations of metabolites or ions may coexist. The idea of microscopic hemispherical “domains” centered upon the active Ca2+ channels was
Mitochondria
Ca2+ transport by mitochondria has received much attention, both because of possible participation in shaping [Ca2+]C signals and because changes of [Ca2+]M are important by themselves for regulation of important cell functions such as respiration or programmed cell death [25]. Ca2+ is taken up by the Ca2+ uniporter, a low-affinity/high capacity system driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential and exits through a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and also through a Na+-independent system (Fig. 3A) [26],
The functions of nuclear Ca2+
In contrast to mitochondria, nucleus does not act as a Ca2+ sink, but, if anything, the nuclear envelope slows down the propagation of the [Ca2+]C wave to the nucleus [106]. The physiological role of Ca2+ in nuclear signaling may differ in different cells. It has been proposed that [Ca2+]N could control specific nuclear processes such as gene transcription, development, protein transport into the nucleus and cell growth (see ref. [107] for review). A rise in nuclear Ca2+ can regulate gene
Acknowledgements
We thank Mr. Jesús Fernández for technical assistance. This work was funded by grants from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BFU2004-02765/BFI and BFU2005-05464) and from Junta de Castilla y León (VA016A05). Pablo Chamero holded a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque government.
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