ReviewGlucagon-related peptide 1 (GLP-1): hormone and neurotransmitter
Section snippets
L-cells and GI tract GLP-1 synthesis
GLP-1 is a product of the glucagon gene [1]. The gene is expressed in the alpha cells of the pancreas, and here the primary translation product, proglucagon, which contains three glucagon like sequences, viz glucagon itself, and the glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2, is cleaved to release glucagon and a large peptide, major proglucagon fragment, which comprises both of the glucagon-like peptides [2]. This peptide, which corresponds to proglucagon 72–158, is probably biologically inactive
Anatomy of central preproglucagon synthesising neurones and their receptors
In the central nervous system, pre-proglucagon encoding mRNA is exclusively expressed in neurones of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Chromatographic analysis of pre-proglucagon immunoreactive material in the brain confirm a processing pattern similar to that seen in interstinal L-cells, i.e. giving rise to equimolar amounts of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and oxyntomodulin (OXM). In the NTS, pre-proglucagon expression is confined to a subset of
Cross roads between peripheral and central GLP-1
Peripheral administration of native GLP-1 as well as stable GLP-1 agonists/derivatives have collectively shown that they share several functions in common with central administration of much smaller doses of GLP-1. This observation has led many to believe that GLP-1 released from instinal L-cells addresses functional receptors within the brain. However, due to methodological shortcomings it has not been possible to provide unequivocal evidence confirming the degree of cross talk between
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2020, NeuropeptidesCitation Excerpt :Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) is a hormone and peptide neurotransmitter of 30 amino acids, which plays a role in glycemic control, the same as incretin, and inhibits glucagon secretion. It has a role in energy homeostasis, neurodegeneration, cognitive functions and anxiety (Larsen and Holst, 2005; Holst, 2007). Alpha cells in the pancreas and in L cells in the intestine synthesize glucagon and the GLP-1 and GLP-2 peptides from proglucagon (Larsen and Holst, 2005).
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2018, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :As an incretin produced chiefly by intestinal mucosa, GLP-1 regulates food intake and glucose homeostasis via both central (e.g., hypothalamus) and peripheral (e.g., pancreas) GLP-1 receptors. In addition, GLP-1 acts as a neuropeptide and is synthesized by preproglucagon neurons of the solitary nucleus (Larsen and Holst, 2005). GLP-1 receptors are widely expressed in the brain regions responsible for stress and reward processing, and growing evidence underscores the role of GLP-1 in alcohol seeking and other addictive behaviors (Egecioglu et al., 2013; Suchankova et al., 2015; van Bloemendaal et al., 2014).
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