ReviewEvolution of endothelin receptors in vertebrates
Section snippets
The endothelin system and endothelin receptors
The endothelin system has a multitude of functions in vertebrates. Discovered in the late 1980s, it was first described to control blood pressure levels by vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Arai et al., 1990, Inoue et al., 1989, Masaki, 2004, Sakurai et al., 1990, Yanagisawa et al., 1988). Further on, it was found that the endothelin system functions also in many other aspects of vertebrate physiology and development, such as neurotransmission, wound healing, kidney homeostasis, osmoregulation
Emergence of the endothelin system at the base of vertebrates
When did the endothelin receptors and the endothelin system as a whole emerge during the course of eukaryote evolution? Surprisingly, endothelin peptides can induce chemotactic behavior in the unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena (Kohidai et al., 2001) and muscle contractions in the cnidarian Hydra (Zhang et al., 2001), and endothelin-like immunoreactivity has been observed for mollusks, insects, and the urochordate Ciona intestinalis (Kasuya et al., 1991). These observations suggested that the
Evolution of vertebrate endothelin receptors
Phylogenetic analyses of Ednr proteins from 30 species covering all major vertebrate lineages are shown in Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. S2; accession numbers and genomic locations are listed in Supplementary Table 1. Below, we will discuss the distribution of endothelin receptor genes among vertebrates in the light of newly available genome assemblies from species covering phylogenetically particularly informative branches of the vertebrate radiation.
Relationship of endothelin receptors: an evolutionary model
A model for the evolution of endothelin receptors in chordates is shown in Fig. 7. Following the two rounds of whole genome duplication at the base of the vertebrate lineage, VGD1 and VGD2, initially four Ednr genes were present in vertebrates. The amplification of Ednr genes by the course of VGD1/2 is supported by the fact that the three Ednr gene regions in gnathostome genomes share conserved synteny with each other, including paralogs of other gene families such as Pou4f, Spry, Slain genes
Evolution of Edn ligand repertoires
Mirabeau and Joly (2013) suggested that endothelin ligand peptides (present in vertebrates) could be related to the chordate gastrin-releasing (GRP) peptides (present in vertebrates and amphioxus) and the CCH-amide-like (CCHa) peptides of protostomes based on the phylogenetic clustering of their receptors and the fact that endothelin, GRP, and CCHa peptides are all encoded at the N terminus of their precursors. As there is, however, no identifiable sequence similarity among these three peptide
Outlook
Although the endothelin system and endothelin receptors have been studied in detail in the last 25 years, a lot of questions remain regarding their functionality, interaction partners, and pharmacology (Watts, 2010). Furthermore, the availability of new genome assemblies from a multitude of vertebrate lineages highlights the diversity of endothelin system components among vertebrates. From an evolutionary point of view, the functional analysis of endothelin receptors from amphioxus, lampreys and
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank João Cardoso and Dan Larhammar for inviting us to contribute to this special issue as well as Julia Ganz and James T. Nichols for fruitful discussions on the endothelin system and John H. Postlethwait for constant support. This work was supported by grant I/84 815 from the Volkswagen Stiftung, Initiative Evolutionsbiologie (to I.B.), the Deutsche Krebshilfe, and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to M.S.).
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Lamprey lecticans link new vertebrate genes to the origin and elaboration of vertebrate tissues
2021, Developmental BiologyEndothelin-1 induces a strong pressor effect in ball pythons (Python regius)
2020, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyCitation Excerpt :There has been some evidence for the existence of an ETC receptor in rabbit saphenous veins (Douglas et al., 1995) and in dermal melanophores from the American clawed frog, Xenopus leavis (Karne et al., 1993). Braasch and Schartl (2014) highlights the existence of three basic endothelin receptor genes in vertebrates, EdnrA, EdnrB1, and EdnrB2, encoding the three receptor subtypes: ETA, ETB1, and ETB2. The ETC receptor is in fact an ortholog of the ETB2 receptor subtype.
Endothelins (EDN1, EDN2, EDN3) and their receptors (EDNRA, EDNRB, EDNRB2) in chickens: Functional analysis and tissue distribution
2019, General and Comparative EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :In mammals, the functionality of EDN-EDNR system has been studied intensively in vitro, (Davenport et al., 2016), however, our knowledge regarding its functionality in non-mammalian vertebrates is limited. Moreover, the number of genes encoding EDNs and EDNRs, varies considerably among different vertebrate groups (Braasch and Schartl, 2014). For instance, in birds, three EDNs (EDN1, 2 and 3) and three EDNRs (EDNRA, EDNRB and EDNRB2) have been identified in their genomes, including a novel EDNRB2, which is absent in humans and rodents (Braasch and Schartl, 2014).
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in chordates: Insights into the evolution of Fads and Elovl gene repertoire
2016, Progress in Lipid ResearchCitation Excerpt :Finally, other emerging genomic fish models will most likely provide a better-defined picture of Fads and Elovl evolution. For example, the impact of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication (3R) has been barely explored considering other non-classical vertebrate models such as the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus, a pre-3R holostean [4]. Scrutiny of the spotted gar genome revealed the identification of the full gene complement of Fads (fads1 and fads2) and Elovl (elovl2, elovl4, and elovl5), an indication that a conserved LC-PUFA pathway is probably present (Castro's personal communication).
Mutations in the endothelin receptor type a cause mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia
2015, American Journal of Human GeneticsCitation Excerpt :A tyrosine at position 129 is conserved in EdnrA in lamprey, an agnathan vertebrate that within the PAs displays dorso-ventral restriction of expression of some genes known to be downstream of EDN1-EDNRA in gnathostomes.44,45 Of note, a phenylalanine is found at this position in the Ednr-like gene of amphioxus, a non-vertebrate chordate.2 We speculate that acquisition of a tyrosine at position 129 in an ancestral EDNR gene was a key event in the evolution of selective affinity among endothelin substrates, and in combination with polarized EDN1 expression, might have been important for the evolution of mandibular specification within the first PA in vertebrates.
Protective effects of endothelin receptor A and B inhibitors against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
2015, Biochemical PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :In contrast to cardiomyocytes, the cardiac endothelium preferentially exhibits endothelin B1 receptors which mediate negative inotropic and lusitropic effects [38]. The endothelin B2 receptor seems to be comparable with the ETAR and exists preferentially on cardiomyocytes [38] but is found neither in human nor in mice [39] and should therefore have no impact in our investigations. However, direct comparison of the effects of the different ERAs showed a grading in the cardiac improvements particularly for global (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) and diastolic heart parameters (dP/dtmin, EDPVR, Tau G) with best cardioprotection upon combined ET-1 receptor inhibition by bosentan and least efficiency upon ETBR blocking with BQ788.