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Nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins

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Abstract

In eukaryotic cells, the movement of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC)—a large protein complex spanning the nuclear envelope. The nuclear transport of proteins is usually mediated by a family of transport receptors known as karyopherins. Karyopherins bind to their cargoes via recognition of nuclear localization signal (NLS) for nuclear import or nuclear export signal (NES) for export to form a transport complex. Its transport through NPC is facilitated by transient interactions between the karyopherins and NPC components. The interactions of karyopherins with their cargoes are regulated by GTPase Ran. In the current review, we describe the NPC structure, NLS, and NES, as well as the model of classic Ran-dependent transport, with special emphasis on existing alternative mechanisms; we also propose a classification of the basic mechanisms of protein transport regulation.

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Abbreviations

CaM:

Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin

CAS:

cellular apoptosis susceptibility gene

CGC:

central gated channel

CRS:

cytoplasmic retention signal

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

INM:

inner nuclear membrane

LBD:

ligand-binding domain

NES:

nuclear export signal

NLS:

nuclear localization signal

cNLS:

classical (basic) NLS

NPC:

nuclear pore complex

NTF2:

nuclear transport factor

ONM:

outer nuclear membrane

RanBP:

Ran-binding proteins

RRM:

RNA recognition motifs

STAT proteins:

signal transducers and activators of transcription

TM:

transmembrane nucleoporins

WGA:

wheat germ agglutinin

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Original Russian Text © A. V. Sorokin, E. R. Kim, L. P. Ovchinnikov, 2007, published in Uspekhi Biologicheskoi Khimii, 2007, Vol. 47, pp. 89–128.

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Sorokin, A.V., Kim, E.R. & Ovchinnikov, L.P. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins. Biochemistry Moscow 72, 1439–1457 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297907130032

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