Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) proteins assemble to form ion channels that enable influx of calcium and sodium ions into cells. There are 6 TRPC proteins in humans but more TRPC channels may arise through heteromerization among TRPCs and other types of TRP protein. They are widely expressed and have multiple functions throughout the peripheral and central systems of the body. This review summarizes current knowledge of the characteristics of TRPC channels and discusses principles by which the channels operate. Modulators of the channels include lipids, redox factors, and agonists at G-protein and tyrosine kinase receptors. The channels enable coupling between these factors and the calcium ion, which is a master intracellular regulator of multiple cell functions. In the context of this information the review gives specific consideration to TRPC channels in vascular cells, which include endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular adipocytes, and cells of the hematopoietic lineage. It is discussed that the channels may have most significance as drivers of change when there is strain or insult in physiology or disease. The TRPC proteins constitute a substantial and important group of calcium-permeable channels. They remain enigmatic but there is increasing understanding of their properties and recognition of their importance in the vasculature as well as in other systems such as the myocardium.  (Circ J 2013; 77: 570–579)