chi-Conopeptide pharmacophore development: toward a novel class of norepinephrine transporter inhibitor (Xen2174) for pain

J Med Chem. 2009 Nov 26;52(22):6991-7002. doi: 10.1021/jm9003413.

Abstract

Norepinephrine (NE) amplifies the strength of descending pain inhibition, giving inhibitors of spinal NET clinical utility in the management of pain. chi-MrIA isolated from the venom of a predatory marine snail noncompetitively inhibits NET and reverses allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain. An analogue of chi-MrIA has been found to be a suitable drug candidate. On the basis of the NMR solution structure of this related peptide, Xen2174 (3), and structure-activity relationships of analogues, a pharmacophore model for the allosteric binding of 3 to NET is proposed. It is shown that 3 interacts with NET predominantly through amino acids in the first loop, forming a tight inverse turn presenting amino acids Tyr7, Lys8, and Leu9 in an orientation allowing for high affinity interaction with NET. The second loop interacts with a large hydrophobic pocket within the transporter. Analogues based on the pharmacophore demonstrated activities that support the proposed model. On the basis of improved chemical stability and a wide therapeutic index, 3 was selected for further development and is currently in phase II clinical trials.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Allosteric Regulation
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • COS Cells
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Conotoxins / chemistry*
  • Drug Discovery
  • Drug Stability
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen Bonding
  • Inhibitory Concentration 50
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / chemistry
  • Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / metabolism
  • Pain / drug therapy*
  • Pain / metabolism
  • Peptides / adverse effects
  • Peptides / chemistry*
  • Peptides / metabolism
  • Peptides / pharmacology*
  • Rats
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Conotoxins
  • Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
  • Peptides
  • Xen2174
  • chi-conopeptide MrIA, Conus