Although both electrical activity and changes in intracellular [Ca2+] are known to be important determinants of smooth muscle force, little is known about the relationship between the three in intact muscle. This is due to a lack of simultaneous measurements of these parameters. In this paper we describe how we have combined the sucrose gap technique with microspectrophotometry and force recording in rat ureteric smooth muscle. We have investigated the timecourses of the changes in these parameters following physiological stimulation i.e. the action potential. The results of this paper show that it is possible to simultaneously measure electrical activity, [Ca] and force in intact smooth muscle and that (i) about a third of the change in Ca2+ occurs on the upstroke of the action potential and the remainder during the plateau. (ii) 50% of the decline in [Ca2+] occurs after the repolarization of the action potential and (iii) the kinetics of force development and relaxation are significantly slower than those of Ca2+, suggesting that [Ca2+] is not rate-limiting. These are the first such simultaneous measurements in any smooth muscle.