Most evidence indicates that, as for family CG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), family A
GPCRs form homo- and heteromers. Homodimers seem to be a predominant species, with …

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant component of the Cannabis plant and is
known to have effects distinct from Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many studies that …

In the postnatal brain, endocannabinoids acting as retrograde messengers regulate the
function of many synapses. By contrast, the understanding of endocannabinoid functions that …

The opioid system modulates several physiological processes, including analgesia, the
stress response, the immune response and neuroendocrine function 1 . Pharmacological and …

Dimerization of G-protein-coupled receptors has been increasingly noted in the regulation of
their biological activity. However, its involvement in agonist-induced receptor internalization …

Opiates such as morphine are the choice analgesic in the treatment of chronic pain. However
their long-term use is limited because of the development of tolerance and dependence. …

Receptor heteromers constitute a new area of research that is reshaping our thinking about
biochemistry, cell biology, pharmacology and drug discovery. In this commentary, we …

Several studies have described functional interactions between opioid and cannabinoid
receptors; the underlying mechanism (s) have not been well explored. One possible mechanism …

The anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 is located in the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum
membranes as well as the nuclear envelope. Although its location has not been as …

Although classical models predict that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) function as
monomers, several recent studies acknowledge that GPCRs exist as dimeric or oligomeric …