The impact of estrogen exposure in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease is
controversial. But it is clear that estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and …

The cerebral vasculature is a target tissue for sex steroid hormones. Estrogens, androgens,
and progestins all influence the function and pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation. …

We report here that estrogen (E 2 ) modulates mitochondrial function in the vasculature.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the etiology of vascular disease; thus, vasoprotection …

The pineal hormone melatonin was found to produce two distinct contractile responses in
vascular smooth muscle. In isolated rat caudal artery segments, denuded of endothelium, …

Mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, key
contributors to aging and neurodegenerative disorders. We report that gonadal hormones …

Since the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the subsequent identification
of nitric oxide (NO) as the primary mediator of endothelium-dependent relaxations, research …

Gender differences in the incidence of stroke and migraine appear to be related to circulating
levels of estrogen; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Using …

Gender and estrogen status are known to influence the incidence and severity of cerebrovascular
disease. The vasoprotective effects of estrogen are thought to include both nitric oxide-…

Estrogen receptor regulation of nitric oxide production by vascular endothelium may involve
rapid, membrane-initiated signaling pathways in addition to classic genomic mechanisms. In …

* Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4625,
USA† Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario …