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Review ArticleReview

Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use

Bertil B. Fredholm, Karl Bättig, Janet Holmén, Astrid Nehlig and Edwin E. Zvartau
Pharmacological Reviews March 1999, 51 (1) 83-133;
Bertil B. Fredholm
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Article Information

vol. 51 no. 1 83-133
PubMed 
10049999

Published By 
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Print ISSN 
0031-6997
Online ISSN 
1521-0081
History 
  • Published online March 1, 1999.

Copyright & Usage 
The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

Author Information

  1. Bertil B. Fredholm1,1,
  2. Karl Bättig2,2,
  3. Janet Holmén1,
  4. Astrid Nehlig3, and
  5. Edwin E. Zvartau4
  1. 1Section of Molecular Neuropharmacology (B.B.F., J.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Behavioural Biology Laboratory (K.B.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland; 3INSERM U 398 (A.N.), Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg Cedex, France; 4Department of Psychopharmacology (E.E.Z.), Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Pharmacological Reviews: 51 (1)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 51, Issue 1
1 Mar 1999
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Review ArticleReview

Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use

Bertil B. Fredholm, Karl Bättig, Janet Holmén, Astrid Nehlig and Edwin E. Zvartau
Pharmacological Reviews March 1, 1999, 51 (1) 83-133;

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Review ArticleReview

Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use

Bertil B. Fredholm, Karl Bättig, Janet Holmén, Astrid Nehlig and Edwin E. Zvartau
Pharmacological Reviews March 1, 1999, 51 (1) 83-133;
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  • Article
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Consumption and Metabolism of Caffeine
    • III. Molecular and Cellular Action of Caffeine in the Brain
    • IV. Actions of Caffeine on Brain Functions and Behavior
    • V. Addiction and Drug Dependence
    • VI. Caffeine Withdrawal and Relief of Abstinence Symptoms by Caffeine
    • VII. Tolerance to the Effects of Caffeine
    • VIII. Caffeine Discrimination and Dose Adjustment in Animals and Humans
    • IX. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine
    • X. Possible Reinforcing Effects of Coffee, Independent of Caffeine Content
    • XI. Comparisons with Known Addictive Compounds and Interactions between Caffeine and Addictive Drugs
    • XII. Possible Harmful Effects of Caffeine at the Individual or Social Level—Abuse or Misuse
    • XIII. Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • Abbreviations
    • References
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