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- Published online March 1, 1999.
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The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Author Information
- 1Section of Molecular Neuropharmacology (B.B.F., J.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Behavioural Biology Laboratory (K.B.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland; 3INSERM U 398 (A.N.), Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg Cedex, France; 4Department of Psychopharmacology (E.E.Z.), Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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- Article
- I. Introduction
- II. Consumption and Metabolism of Caffeine
- III. Molecular and Cellular Action of Caffeine in the Brain
- IV. Actions of Caffeine on Brain Functions and Behavior
- V. Addiction and Drug Dependence
- VI. Caffeine Withdrawal and Relief of Abstinence Symptoms by Caffeine
- VII. Tolerance to the Effects of Caffeine
- VIII. Caffeine Discrimination and Dose Adjustment in Animals and Humans
- IX. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine
- X. Possible Reinforcing Effects of Coffee, Independent of Caffeine Content
- XI. Comparisons with Known Addictive Compounds and Interactions between Caffeine and Addictive Drugs
- XII. Possible Harmful Effects of Caffeine at the Individual or Social Level—Abuse or Misuse
- XIII. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- eLetters
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