Review ArticleReview
Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use
Bertil B. Fredholm, Karl Bättig, Janet Holmén, Astrid Nehlig and Edwin E. Zvartau
Pharmacological Reviews March 1999, 51 (1) 83-133;
Bertil B. Fredholm
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Karl Bättig
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Janet Holmén
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Astrid Nehlig
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Edwin E. Zvartau
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Review ArticleReview
Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use
Bertil B. Fredholm, Karl Bättig, Janet Holmén, Astrid Nehlig and Edwin E. Zvartau
Pharmacological Reviews March 1, 1999, 51 (1) 83-133;
Jump to section
- Article
- I. Introduction
- II. Consumption and Metabolism of Caffeine
- III. Molecular and Cellular Action of Caffeine in the Brain
- IV. Actions of Caffeine on Brain Functions and Behavior
- V. Addiction and Drug Dependence
- VI. Caffeine Withdrawal and Relief of Abstinence Symptoms by Caffeine
- VII. Tolerance to the Effects of Caffeine
- VIII. Caffeine Discrimination and Dose Adjustment in Animals and Humans
- IX. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine
- X. Possible Reinforcing Effects of Coffee, Independent of Caffeine Content
- XI. Comparisons with Known Addictive Compounds and Interactions between Caffeine and Addictive Drugs
- XII. Possible Harmful Effects of Caffeine at the Individual or Social Level—Abuse or Misuse
- XIII. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- eLetters
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