Review ArticleReview
Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology of Antiestrogen Action and Resistance
Robert Clarke, Fabio Leonessa, James N. Welch and Todd C. Skaar
Pharmacological Reviews March 2001, 53 (1) 25-72;
Robert Clarke
Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
Fabio Leonessa
Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
James N. Welch
Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
Todd C. Skaar
Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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In this issue
Review ArticleReview
Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology of Antiestrogen Action and Resistance
Robert Clarke, Fabio Leonessa, James N. Welch and Todd C. Skaar
Pharmacological Reviews March 1, 2001, 53 (1) 25-72;
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- Article
- Abstract
- I. Introduction
- II. Endogenous and Exogenous Estrogens in Antiestrogen Resistance
- III. Pharmacokinetics in Resistance to Tamoxifen
- IV. Cell Culture Models of Antiestrogen Responsiveness and Resistance
- V. Tamoxifen-Stimulated Proliferation as a Resistance Mechanism
- VI. Estrogen Receptors, Mutant Receptors, Coregulators, and Gene Networks
- VII. Growth Factors as Mediators of Antiestrogen Resistance
- VIII. Estrogen Receptor-Independent Targets for Mediating Antiestrogen Action and Resistance
- IX. Immunologic Mechanisms of Tamoxifen Resistance
- X. Conclusions and Future Prospects
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- eLetters
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