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Research ArticleSpecial Issue IUPHAR Compendium of the Pharmacology and Classification of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily 2006

International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic Acid Receptors

Pierre Germain, Pierre Chambon, Gregor Eichele, Ronald M. Evans, Mitchell A. Lazar, Mark Leid, Angel R. De Lera, Reuben Lotan, David J. Mangelsdorf and Hinrich Gronemeyer
Pharmacological Reviews December 2006, 58 (4) 712-725; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.58.4.4
Pierre Germain
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Pierre Chambon
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Gregor Eichele
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Ronald M. Evans
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Mitchell A. Lazar
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Mark Leid
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Angel R. De Lera
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Reuben Lotan
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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David J. Mangelsdorf
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Hinrich Gronemeyer
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
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Abstract

Retinoid is a term for compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most important endogenous retinoid is all-trans-retinoic acid. Retinoids regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders. This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on these receptors.

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Pharmacological Reviews: 58 (4)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 58, Issue 4
1 Dec 2006
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Research ArticleSpecial Issue IUPHAR Compendium of the Pharmacology and Classification of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily 2006

International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic Acid Receptors

Pierre Germain, Pierre Chambon, Gregor Eichele, Ronald M. Evans, Mitchell A. Lazar, Mark Leid, Angel R. De Lera, Reuben Lotan, David J. Mangelsdorf and Hinrich Gronemeyer
Pharmacological Reviews December 1, 2006, 58 (4) 712-725; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.58.4.4

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Research ArticleSpecial Issue IUPHAR Compendium of the Pharmacology and Classification of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily 2006

International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic Acid Receptors

Pierre Germain, Pierre Chambon, Gregor Eichele, Ronald M. Evans, Mitchell A. Lazar, Mark Leid, Angel R. De Lera, Reuben Lotan, David J. Mangelsdorf and Hinrich Gronemeyer
Pharmacological Reviews December 1, 2006, 58 (4) 712-725; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.58.4.4
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