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Review ArticleReview Article

Cofactoring and Dimerization of Proteinase-Activated Receptors

Huilan Lin, Allen P. Liu, Thomas H. Smith and JoAnn Trejo
Arthur Christopoulos, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews October 2013, 65 (4) 1198-1213; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004747
Huilan Lin
Department of Pharmacology (H.L., J.T.) and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (T.H.S.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.P.L.)
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Allen P. Liu
Department of Pharmacology (H.L., J.T.) and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (T.H.S.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.P.L.)
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Thomas H. Smith
Department of Pharmacology (H.L., J.T.) and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (T.H.S.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.P.L.)
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JoAnn Trejo
Department of Pharmacology (H.L., J.T.) and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (T.H.S.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.P.L.)
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Arthur Christopoulos
Department of Pharmacology (H.L., J.T.) and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (T.H.S.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.P.L.)
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Abstract

Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein–coupled receptors that transmit cellular responses to extracellular proteases and have important functions in vascular physiology, development, inflammation, and cancer progression. The established paradigm for PAR activation involves proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular N terminus, which reveals a new N terminus that functions as a tethered ligand by binding intramolecularly to the receptor to trigger transmembrane signaling. Most cells express more than one PAR, which can influence the mode of PAR activation and signaling. Clear examples include murine PAR3 cofactoring of PAR4 and transactivation of PAR2 by PAR1. Thrombin binds to and cleaves murine PAR3, which facilitates PAR4 cleavage and activation. This process is essential for thrombin signaling and platelet activation, since murine PAR3 cannot signal alone. Although PAR1 and PAR4 are both competent to signal, PAR1 is able to act as a cofactor for PAR4, facilitating more rapid cleavage and activation by thrombin. PAR1 can also facilitate PAR2 activation through a different mechanism. Cleavage of the PAR1 N terminus by thrombin generates a tethered ligand domain that can bind intermolecularly to PAR2 to activate signaling. Thus, PARs can regulate each other’s activity by localizing thrombin when in complex with PAR3 and PAR4 or by cleaved PAR1, providing its tethered ligand domain for PAR2 activation. The ability of PARs to cofactor or transactivate other PARs would necessitate that the two receptors be in close proximity, likely in the form of a heterodimer. Here, we discuss the cofactoring and dimerization of PARs and the functional consequences on signaling.

Footnotes

  • This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health [Grant R01-GM090689] (to J.T.); by the National Institutes of Health [Grant DP2-HL117748] (to A.P.L.); and by a National Institutes of Health Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity [Grant R25-GM083275] (to T.H.S.).

  • dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004747.

  • Copyright © 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Pharmacological Reviews: 65 (4)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 65, Issue 4
1 Oct 2013
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Review ArticleReview Article

PAR Cofactoring, Dimerization, and Signaling

Huilan Lin, Allen P. Liu, Thomas H. Smith and JoAnn Trejo
Pharmacological Reviews October 1, 2013, 65 (4) 1198-1213; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004747

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Review ArticleReview Article

PAR Cofactoring, Dimerization, and Signaling

Huilan Lin, Allen P. Liu, Thomas H. Smith and JoAnn Trejo
Pharmacological Reviews October 1, 2013, 65 (4) 1198-1213; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004747
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. PAR Cofactoring
    • III. PAR1 Homodimer
    • IV. PAR1 Transactivation of PAR2
    • V. PAR1-PAR3 Heterodimer Formation and Signaling
    • VI. PAR1-PAR4 Heterodimer Formation
    • VII. PAR2 Homo- and Heterodimerization
    • VIII. PAR4 Homo- and Heterodimerization
    • IX. Conclusions
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