Review ArticleReview Article
Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice
Manfred Schedlowski, Paul Enck, Winfried Rief and Ulrike Bingel
Martin C. Michel, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews July 2015, 67 (3) 697-730; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.114.009423
Manfred Schedlowski
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
Paul Enck
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
Winfried Rief
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
Ulrike Bingel
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
Martin C. Michel
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
Roles: ASSOCIATE EDITOR

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In this issue
Review ArticleReview Article
Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses
Manfred Schedlowski, Paul Enck, Winfried Rief and Ulrike Bingel
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2015, 67 (3) 697-730; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.114.009423
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- I. Introduction
- II. The Origin of the Placebo Concept: From the Ancient Healer to Modern Medicine
- III. Placebo Effects and Effect Sizes in Clinical Trials
- IV. Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo Responses
- V. Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Nocebo Responses
- VI. The Effect of Placebo Responses on Pharmacological Treatments
- VII. Predictors of Placebo and Nocebo Responses
- VIII. Relevance and Implications of Placebo Responses
- IX. Placebo Research: What Next?
- X. Conclusion
- Authorship Contributions
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- eLetters
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