Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Latest Articles
    • Archive
  • Information
    • Instructions to Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • FAQs
    • For Subscribers
    • Terms & Conditions of Use
    • Permissions
  • Editorial Board
  • Alerts
    • Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Virtual Issues
  • Feedback
  • Other Publications
    • Drug Metabolism and Disposition
    • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
    • Molecular Pharmacology
    • Pharmacological Reviews
    • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
    • ASPET

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Pharmacological Reviews
  • Other Publications
    • Drug Metabolism and Disposition
    • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
    • Molecular Pharmacology
    • Pharmacological Reviews
    • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
    • ASPET
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Pharmacological Reviews

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Latest Articles
    • Archive
  • Information
    • Instructions to Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • FAQs
    • For Subscribers
    • Terms & Conditions of Use
    • Permissions
  • Editorial Board
  • Alerts
    • Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Virtual Issues
  • Feedback
  • Visit Pharm Rev on Facebook
  • Follow Pharm Rev on Twitter
  • Follow ASPET on LinkedIn
Review ArticleReview Article

Psychedelics

David E. Nichols
Eric L. Barker, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews April 2016, 68 (2) 264-355; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478
David E. Nichols
Eschelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Eric L. Barker
Eschelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Roles: ASSOCIATE EDITOR
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • eLetters
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Tables
  • Fig. 1.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 1.

    Chemical structures of serotonin and LSD.

  • Fig. 2.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 2.

    Chemical structures of classic psychadelics mescaline, psilocybin, and DMT.

  • Fig. 3.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 3.

    NBOMe compounds.

  • Fig. 4.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Fig. 4.

    Chemical structures of DOM, DOB, and DOI.

Tables

  • Figures
    • View popup
    TABLE 1

    A comparison of human doses of selected hallucinogens with their potency using drug discrimination tests in LSD-trained rats

    Where available, Ki values for cloned human 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors are also listed for comparison. Compounds are ranked by relative human potency. Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Nichols (2004).

    DrugaKi for
5-HT2AbKi for
5-HT2CbDD ED50cPotency Relative to LSD
(Rat DD)Human DosedPotency Relative to LSD (Human)
    nMμM/kgmg
    EthLAD——0.021850.04–0.15140
    AllyLAD——0.0132850.08–0.16110
    LSD2–43–60.0371000.06–0.20100
    ProLAD——0.0371000.10–0.2090
    DOB0.61.31.062.31–37
    DOI0.72.40.289.21.5–36
    DOM19ND0.893.33–102
    Psilocin15–25101.02.610–151
    DMCPANDND0.664.515–200.7
    MEM73124120.220–500.4
    MMDA-2NDND70.425–500.4
    Mescaline550300340.08200–4000.04
    • AllyLAD, N-allyl-N(6)-norLSD; DD, drug discrimination; DMCPA, (±)-trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine; EthLAD, N-ethyl-N(6)-norLSD; MEM, (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine; MMDA-2, (±)-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine; ProLAD, N-n-propyl-N(6)-norLSD.

    • ↵a Drug abbreviations are from Shulgin and Shulgin (1991, 1997).

    • ↵b Affinity of phenethylamines in cloned receptors taken from Nelson et al. (1999); mescaline affinity is from Monte et al. (1997).

    • ↵c Drug discrimination data from Blair et al. (2000), Hoffman and Nichols (1985), Monte et al. (1997), and Nichols et al. (1984a,b, 1986, 1991).

    • ↵dAveraged dose range from Shulgin & Shulgin (1991, 1997) (LSD = 100).

PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Pharmacological Reviews: 68 (2)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 68, Issue 2
1 Apr 2016
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • About the Cover
  • Index by author
  • Editorial Board (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for sharing this Pharmacological Reviews article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Psychedelics
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Pharmacological Reviews
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Pharmacological Reviews.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Review ArticleReview Article

Psychedelics

David E. Nichols
Pharmacological Reviews April 1, 2016, 68 (2) 264-355; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Review ArticleReview Article

Psychedelics

David E. Nichols
Pharmacological Reviews April 1, 2016, 68 (2) 264-355; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Safety of Psychedelics
    • III. Mechanism of Action
    • IV. Where Is the Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor Expressed?
    • V. Effects on Visual Perception
    • VI. Effects on Sleep
    • VII. Effects on Time Perception
    • VIII. Use of Animal Models
    • IX. Potential Therapeutic Value for Psychedelics
    • X. Models of Psychosis
    • XI. Use as Tools to Study Brain Function and Connectivity
    • XII. Conclusion and Outlook
    • Acknowledgments
    • Authorship Contributions
    • Footnotes
    • Abbreviations
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • eLetters
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

  • Compartmentalized cAMP Signaling
  • Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Therapeutic Mechanisms
  • Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement in Drug Addiction
Show more Review Articles

Similar Articles

  • Home
  • Alerts
Facebook   Twitter   LinkedIn   RSS

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Latest Articles
  • Archive
  • Search for Articles
  • Feedback
  • ASPET

More Information

  • About Pharmacological Reviews
  • Editorial Board
  • Instructions to Authors
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Customized Alerts
  • RSS Feeds
  • Subscriptions
  • Permissions
  • Terms & Conditions of Use

ASPET's Other Journals

  • Drug Metabolism and Disposition
  • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
  • Molecular Pharmacology
  • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
ISSN 1521-0081 (Online)

Copyright © 2021 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics