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Review ArticleReview Article

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. Morris, Lace M. Riggs, Jaclyn N. Highland, Polymnia Georgiou, Edna F. R. Pereira, Edson X. Albuquerque, Craig J. Thomas, Carlos A. Zarate Jr. and Todd D. Gould
Jeffrey M. Witkin, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews July 2018, 70 (3) 621-660; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015198
Panos Zanos
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Ruin Moaddel
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Patrick J. Morris
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Lace M. Riggs
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Jaclyn N. Highland
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Polymnia Georgiou
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Edna F. R. Pereira
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Edson X. Albuquerque
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Craig J. Thomas
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Carlos A. Zarate Jr.
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Todd D. Gould
Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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Jeffrey M. Witkin
Roles: ASSOCIATE EDITOR
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Article Information

vol. 70 no. 3 621-660
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015198
PubMed 
29945898

Published By 
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Print ISSN 
0031-6997
Online ISSN 
1521-0081
History 
  • Published online June 26, 2018.

Copyright & Usage 
U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright

Author Information

  1. Panos Zanos,
  2. Ruin Moaddel,
  3. Patrick J. Morris,
  4. Lace M. Riggs,
  5. Jaclyn N. Highland,
  6. Polymnia Georgiou,
  7. Edna F. R. Pereira,
  8. Edson X. Albuquerque,
  9. Craig J. Thomas,
  10. Carlos A. Zarate Jr., and
  11. Todd D. Gould
  1. Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
  1. Jeffrey M. Witkin, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
  1. Address correspondence to:
    Dr. Todd D. Gould, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room 936 MSTF, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail: gouldlab{at}me.com
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Pharmacological Reviews: 70 (3)
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1 Jul 2018
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Review ArticleReview Article

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology

Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. Morris, Lace M. Riggs, Jaclyn N. Highland, Polymnia Georgiou, Edna F. R. Pereira, Edson X. Albuquerque, Craig J. Thomas, Carlos A. Zarate and Todd D. Gould
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2018, 70 (3) 621-660; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015198

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Review ArticleReview Article

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology

Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. Morris, Lace M. Riggs, Jaclyn N. Highland, Polymnia Georgiou, Edna F. R. Pereira, Edson X. Albuquerque, Craig J. Thomas, Carlos A. Zarate and Todd D. Gould
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2018, 70 (3) 621-660; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015198
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    • I. Introduction
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