Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Chemical structure of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/name/mdma%20hcl, Open Source).
- Fig. 2.
MDMA in the form of “Ecstasy” tablets (http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0103/mg0103.html, Open Source).
- Fig. 3.
MDMA crystalline powder in capsule form, commonly referred to as “Molly” (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1884576, Open Source).
- Fig. 4.
Contents of 4063 samples of street MDMA tested by EcstasyData.org and other organizations between 1996 and 2017. Samples sold as MDMA contained either MDMA only, MDMA in combination with other substances, or no MDMA at all. Less than half of street MDMA samples contained MDMA only and more than half of street MDMA samples consisted partially or entirely of other substances (original figure; data redrawn with permission from https://www.ecstasydata.org/stats.php).
- Fig. 5.
Dose-dependent effects of MDMA on the radial arm maze task. 0.75 mg/kg MDMA had no effect on overall accuracy (A) or errors (B), while 3 and 4 mg/kg MDMA impaired overall accuracy (A) and increased working (4 mg/kg only) and reference memory errors (B). Data redrawn with permission from Figs. 1 and 3 in Kay et al. (2010).
- Fig. 6.
Dose-dependent effects of MDMA on a variation of the Morris water maze task. 0.3, 1.0, 1.7 mg/kg MDMA had no effect on working memory (acquisition) or spatial learning (performance), while 3 mg/kg MDMA impaired spatial learning (performance). Data redrawn with permission from Fig. 4 (middle) in Galizio et al. (2014).
- Fig. 7.
Dose-dependent effects of MDMA on novel object recognition. Pretreatment with three doses of 3 mg/kg MDMA had no effect on exploration time of the novel and familiar objects during the test trial (A) or the discrimination ratio [novel/(novel+familiar)] (B), while pretreatment with three doses of 6 mg/kg MDMA significantly decreased exploration time of the novel object (A) and the discrimination ratio (B). Data redrawn with permission from Fig. 3, A and C in Rodsiri et al. (2011).
- Fig. 8.
Dose-dependent effects of MDMA on passive avoidance. Posttraining doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg MDMA enhanced long-term memory, while posttraining doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg MDMA had no effect on long-term memory. Data redrawn with permission from Fig. 5 in Budzynska et al. (2017).
- Fig. 9.
Breakdown of findings from all 90 experiments. Most experiments (46 out of 90) found no effects of MDMA on cognition.
- Fig. 10.
Breakdown of findings from 23 working memory (A), 24 spatial learning and memory (B), 27 nonspatial learning and memory (C), and 14 fear-motivated learning and memory (D) experiments.
- Fig. 11.
Breakdown of findings from experiments that administered MDMA at doses of less than 3 mg/kg [(A); n = 15], 3–6 mg/kg [(B); n = 31], 7.5–10 mg/kg [(C); n = 50], and 15–30 mg/kg [(D); n = 31]. There is no evidence that MDMA produces cognitive impairments at doses below 3 mg/kg (A), and the evidence regarding doses of 3–30 mg/kg is mixed (B–D).
Tables
Article Taska Subjectsb Doses/Frequencyc Timelined Effectse Taffe et al., 2001 5-CSRT Monkeys (R), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Predrug Testing: On-Drug, Postdrug ↓ (On-Drug), ⌀ (Postdrug) Taffe et al., 2002 5-CSRT Monkeys (R), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Predrug Testing: Postdrug ⌀ ↵a Studies used the 5-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task.
↵b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include rhesus (R) monkeys.
↵c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵e Effects of drug treatment on attention: ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
Article Taska Subjectsb Doses/Frequencyc Timelined Effectse Harper et al., 2005 DMS Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.3, 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ Harper, 2011 DMS Rats (SD), Adult, Male 3 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ Frederick et al., 1995a DMS Monkeys (R), Adult, Male 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg (i.m.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ Frederick et al., 1995b DMS Monkeys (R), Adult, Male 0.1 → 0.3 → 1 → 3 → 5.6 → 10 → 20 (14 days each) mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 14 wk AND 0.3, 1, 1.75 or 3 mg/kg (i.m.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ LeSage et al., 1993 DMS Pigeons (WC), Adult 0.32, 1, 1.7, 3.2, or 4.2 mg/kg (i.m.)* AND 3.2 (20 days) → 4.2 (1 day) → 3.2 (5 days) → 5.6 (1 day) mg/kg (i.m.) × 1/day, 27 days Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ Taffe et al., 2001 DNMS Monkeys (R), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug, Postdrug ⌀ Marston et al., 1999 DNMS Rats (LH), Adult, Male 10 → 15 → 20 (1 day each) mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 3 days Training: Predrug / Testing: Postdrug ↓ Hawkey et al., 2014 OST Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.3, 1, 1.8, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.)* OR 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug (Single), Postdrug (Repeated) ⌀ Costa et al., 2014 SA Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 2 days/wk (spaced), 9 wk Testing: Off-Drug1, Postdrug ⌀ Edut et al., 2011 SA Mice (ICR), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Cassel et al., 2005 SA Rats (LE), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Kolyaduke and Hughes, 2013 SA Rats (PVG/c), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Ricaurte et al., 1993 DA Rats (LE), Adult, Male 20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days/wk, 2 wk (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Young et al., 2005 DA Rats (W), Adult, Male 1.25, 2.25, or 5 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ (1.25 and 2.25 mg/kg) ↓ (5 mg/kg) Viñals et al., 2012 DA Mice (B6), Adult, Male 3 or 30 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Predrug / Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2010 RAM Rats (LE), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training: Postdrug ⌀ Ros-Simó et al., 2013 RAM Mice (CD1), Adol., Male 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training: Predrug, Off-Drug2, Postdrug ⌀ Kay et al., 2010 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.75, 3, or 4 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug, On-Drug ⌀ (0.75 and 3 mg/kg) ↓ (4 mg/kg) Kay et al., 2011 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND 4 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg) ⌀ Harper et al., 2013 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND/OR 4 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/wk, 6 wk Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg) ⌀ Braida et al., 2002 RAM Rats (W), Adult, Male 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 3 days Training: Predrug, On-Drug ⌀ (1 and 2 mg/kg) ↓ (3 mg/kg) Robinson et al., 1993 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days Training: Postdrug ⌀ Galizio et al., 2014 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.3, 1, 1.7, 3, or 5.6 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ ↵a Studies used the delayed matching-to-sample (DMS), delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS), odor span task (OST), spontaneous alternation (SA), delayed alternation (DA), radial arm maze (RAM), and Morris water maze (MWM) tasks.
↵b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include rhesus (R) monkeys; White Carneau (WC) pigeons; Lister Hooded (LH), Long Evans (LE), PVG/c hooded, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and C57BL/6 (B6), CD1, and ICR mice.
↵c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵e Effects of drug treatment on nonspatial working memory [DMS/DNMS, OST, DA (only Viñals et al., 2012)] and spatial working memory [SA/DA (except Viñals et al., 2012), RAM, MWM]: ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
1 Off-drug training/testing took place on day(s) without drug administration.
↵2 Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.
↵* Within-subjects design (all animals were tested multiple times at each dose including saline).
Article Taska Subjectsb Doses/Frequencyc Timelined Effectse Taghizadeh et al., 2016 MWM Rats (W), Adult, Male 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days Acquisition: On-Drug / Probe: Postdrug Probe: ↓ Mirzaei et al., 2013 MWM Rats (W), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 OR × 2/day, 7 days Acquisition: Postdrug Acquisition: ⌀ Sprague et al., 2003 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2 Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition: ⌀ / Probe: ↓ Cunningham et al., 2009 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 7.5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition: ⌀ / Probe: ↓ Able et al., 2006 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition: ⌀ / Probe: ↓ Cohen et al., 2005 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Probe: ⌀ Skelton et al., 2008 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition/Probe: ⌀ Camarasa et al., 2008 MWM Rats (LE), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition/Probe: ↓ Abad et al., 2014 MWM Rats (SD), Adol., Male 20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition: ↑ / Probe: ⌀ Busceti et al., 2008 MWM Mice (B6), Adult, Male 5 or 15 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 6 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Acquisition: ↓ / Probe: ↓ (7 days later; 40 days later - 15 mg/kg), ⌀ (40 days later - 5 mg/kg) Kermanian et al., 2012 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 7 days Acquisition: Postdrug Acquisition: ↓ Soleimani Asl et al., 2015 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male/Female 5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 7 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Probe: ↓ Soleimani Asl et al., 2011 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 7 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Probe: ⌀ Soleimani Asl et al., 2013 MWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 7 days Acquisition/Probe: Postdrug Probe: ↓ Robinson et al., 1993 MWM Var. Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days Training/Probe: Postdrug ⌀ Galizio et al., 2014 MWM Var. Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.3, 1, 1.7, 3, or 5.6 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Acquisition: On-Drug ⌀ (0.3, 1, and 1.7 mg/kg) ↓ (3 and 5.6 mg/kg) Compton et al., 2011 MMW Var. Rats (LE), Adol.→Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 6 days (spaced) Training/Acquisition: Postdrug ↓ Edut et al., 2011 MWM Var. Mice (ICR), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Acquisition: Postdrug ⌀ Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2010 RAM Rats (LE), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training: Postdrug ⌀ Ros-Simó et al., 2013 RAM Mice (CD1), Adol., Male 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training: Predrug, Off-Drug2, Postdrug ↓ Kay et al., 2010 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 0.75, 3, or 4 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug, On-Drug ⌀ (0.75 mg/kg), ↓ (3 and 4 mg/kg) Kay et al., 2011 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND 4 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg) ↓ Harper et al., 2013 RAM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND/OR 4 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/wk, 6 wk Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg) ↓ Young et al., 2005 SD Rats (W), Adult, Male 1.25, 2.25, or 5 mg/kg (i.p.)* Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug ⌀ ↵a Studies used the Morris water maze (MWM), radial arm maze (RAM), and spatial discrimination (SD) tasks.
↵b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include Long Evans (LE), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and C57BL/6 (B6), CD1, and ICR mice.
↵c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵e Effects of drug treatment on spatial learning (MWM-Acquisition) and spatial reference memory (MWM-Probe, RAM, SD): ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
↵2 Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.
↵* Within-subjects design (all animals were tested multiple times at each dose including saline).
Article Taska Subjectsb Doses/Frequencyc Timelined Effectse Ros-Simó et al., 2013 NOR Mice (CD1), Adol., Male 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training: Predrug, Off-Drug2 / Testing: Postdrug [72 h delay] ↓ Shortall et al., 2013 NOR Rats (LH), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 2 days Training/Testing: On-Drug [2 h delay] ↓ Nawata et al., 2010 NOR Mice (CD1), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 OR × 1/day, 7 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [3 h delay] ⌀ (Single), ↓ (Repeated) Edut et al., 2011 NOR Mice (ICR), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Training/Testing: Postdrug [24 h delay] ⌀ (7 days later), ↓ (30 days later) Rodsiri et al., 2011 NOR Rats (LH), Adult, Male 3 or 6 mg/kg (i.p.) × 3 Training/Testing: Postdrug [2 h delay] ⌀ (3 mg/kg), ↓ (6 mg/kg) Piper et al., 2008 NOR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 60 min delays] ⌀ Able et al., 2006 NOR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ Cohen et al., 2005 NOR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ Skelton et al., 2008 NOR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ Morley et al., 2001 NOR Rats (W), Adult, Male 5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 2 days OR × 4/day, 2 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 60 min delays] ⌀ (Single; Repeated - 60 min delay) ↓ (Repeated - 15 min delay) McGregor et al., 2003 NOR Rats (W), Adult, Male 5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4/day, 2 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ↓ Abad et al., 2014 NOR Rats (SD), Adol., Male 20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ van Nieuwenhuijzen et al., 2010 NOR Rats (W), Adult, Male 5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ↓ Kolyaduke and Hughes, 2013 NOR Rats (PVG/c), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min delay] ⌀ García-Pardo et al., 2017 NOR Mice (OF1), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 min delay] ⌀ Llorente-Berzal et al., 2013 NOR Rats (W), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female 10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug [4 h delay] ⌀ Piper and Meyer, 2004 NOR Rats (SD), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 6 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min delay] ↓ Piper et al., 2005 NOR Rats (SD), Adol., Male 5 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4/day, 6 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 30 min delays] ⌀ Clemens et al., 2007 NOR Rats (W), Adult, Female 8 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/wk, 16 wk Training/Testing: Postdrug [20 min delay] ⌀ Costa et al., 2014 NOR Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 2 days/wk (spaced), 9 wk Training/Testing: Off-Drug1, Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ (Off-Drug), ↓ (Postdrug) Schulz et al., 2013 NOR Rats (W), Adol./Adult, Male 7.5 mg/kg (s.c.) × 1/day (10 days) and 2/day (5 days), 15 days (spaced/randomized) Training/Testing: Postdrug [25 min delay] ↓ Abad et al., 2016 NOR Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male 5 (2 wk) → 7.5 (3 wk) → 10 (3 wk) mg/kg (s.c.) × 3/day, 1 day/wk, 8 wk Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h and 24 h delays] ⌀ (1 h delay), ↓ (24 h delay) Skelton et al., 2008 NPR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay] ⌀ Pompei et al., 2002 SR Rats (SD), Adult, Male 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 8 days Training: Off-Drug2 / Testing: On-Drug [2 h delay] ↑ (1 and 5 mg/kg), ⌀ (10 mg/kg) Able et al., 2006 CWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Testing: Postdrug ↓ Skelton et al., 2008 CWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Vorhees et al., 2011 CWM Rats (SD), Adult, Male 15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Testing: Postdrug ⌀ ↵a Studies used the novel object recognition (NOR), novel place recognition (NPR), social recognition (SR), and Cincinnati water maze (CWM) tasks.
↵b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include Lister Hooded (LH), PVG/c hooded, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and C57BL/6 (B6), CD1, ICR, and OF1 mice.
↵c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment, and duration of delay period between training and testing for recognition tasks. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵e Effects of drug treatment on nonspatial learning (CWM) and recognition memory (NOR, NPR, SR): ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
1 Off-drug training/testing took place on day(s) without drug administration.
2 Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.
Article Taska Subjectsb Doses/Frequencyc Timelined Effectse Moyano et al., 2004 PA Rats (W), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Training: On-Drug Testing: Postdrug ↓ Moyano et al., 2005 PA Rats (W), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 AND/OR × 2/day, 4 days Training: On-Drug (Single), Postdrug (Repeated) Testing: Postdrug ↓ (Single) ⌀ (Repeated) Barrionuevo et al., 2000 PA Rats (W), Adult, Male 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Training: On-Drug Testing: Postdrug ↓ Budzynska et al., 2017 PA Mice (SW), Adult, Male 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 Training: Off-Drug2 Testing: Postdrug ↑ (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) ⌀ (1 and 10 mg/kg) Shariati et al., 2014 PA Rats (W), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 OR × 1/day, 2 day/wk, 3 wk Training: Off-Drug2 Testing: Postdrug ↓ Jahanshahi et al., 2013 PA Rats (W), Adult, Male 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 3/day, 1 day/wk, 4 wk Training: Predrug Testing: Postdrug ↑ Timár et al., 2003 PA Rats (W), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 Training/Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Murnane et al., 2012 PA Mice (SW), Adol., Male 10 or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 Training/Testing: Postdrug ⌀ García-Pardo et al., 2015 PA Mice (OF1), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug ↓ García-Pardo et al., 2017 PA Mice (OF1), Adol., Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days (spaced) Training/Testing: Postdrug ↓ Rodríguez-Arias et al., 2011 PA Mice (OF1), Adol., Male 10 or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 2 days/wk, 2 wk Training/Testing: Postdrug ⌀ McNamara et al., 1995 PA Rats (SD), Adult, Male 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Shortall et al., 2013 FC Rats (LH), Adult, Male 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 3 days (spaced) Training: Off-Drug2 Testing: Postdrug ⌀ Johansson et al., 2015 FC Mice (ICR), Adult, Male 20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2 Training/Testing: Postdrug ↓ ↵a Studies used the passive avoidance (PA) and contextual fear conditioning (FC) tasks.
↵b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include Lister Hooded (LH), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and ICR, OF1, and Swiss Webster (SW) mice.
↵c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵e Effects of drug treatment on learning and memory: ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
2 Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.
In this issue
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- I. Introduction
- II. ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Dose
- III. Neurotoxicity in Animals and Humans
- IV. Cognitive Effects in Humans
- V. Cognitive Effects in Animals—Systematic Review
- VI. Analysis of Findings
- VII. High Doses and Neurotoxicology of Drugs of Abuse
- VIII. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Authorship Contributions
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- eLetters