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Open Access

Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Clinical Impact, Potential Mechanisms, and New Innovative Treatment Options

Wolfgang Löscher, Heidrun Potschka, Sanjay M. Sisodiya and Annamaria Vezzani
Eric L. Barker, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews July 2020, 72 (3) 606-638; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.120.019539
Wolfgang Löscher
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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Heidrun Potschka
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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Sanjay M. Sisodiya
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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Annamaria Vezzani
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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Eric L. Barker
Roles: ASSOCIATE EDITOR
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Article Information

vol. 72 no. 3 606-638
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.120.019539
PubMed 
32540959

Published By 
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Print ISSN 
0031-6997
Online ISSN 
1521-0081
History 
  • Published online June 15, 2020.

Copyright & Usage 
Copyright © 2020 by The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC Attribution 4.0 International license.

Author Information

  1. Wolfgang Löscher,
  2. Heidrun Potschka,
  3. Sanjay M. Sisodiya, and
  4. Annamaria Vezzani
  1. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
  1. Eric L. Barker, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
  1. Address correspondence to:
    Dr. Wolfgang Löscher, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. E-mail: wolfgang.loescher{at}tiho-hannover.de
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Pharmacological Reviews: 72 (3)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 72, Issue 3
1 Jul 2020
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Review ArticleReview Article

Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Wolfgang Löscher, Heidrun Potschka, Sanjay M. Sisodiya and Annamaria Vezzani
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2020, 72 (3) 606-638; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.120.019539

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Review ArticleReview Article

Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Wolfgang Löscher, Heidrun Potschka, Sanjay M. Sisodiya and Annamaria Vezzani
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2020, 72 (3) 606-638; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.120.019539
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs
    • III. In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Drug Resistance
    • IV. Current Hypotheses of Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
    • V. How to Overcome Drug Resistance?
    • VI. Conclusions
    • Authorship Contributions
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