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Review ArticleReview Article

The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors

Dean Paes, Melissa Schepers, Ben Rombaut, Daniel van den Hove, Tim Vanmierlo and Jos Prickaerts
Martin Michel, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Pharmacological Reviews July 2021, 73 (3) 1016-1049; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273
Dean Paes
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Melissa Schepers
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Ben Rombaut
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Daniel van den Hove
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Tim Vanmierlo
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Jos Prickaerts
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Martin Michel
Roles: ASSOCIATE EDITOR
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Pharmacological Reviews: 73 (3)
Pharmacological Reviews
Vol. 73, Issue 3
1 Jul 2021
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Review ArticleReview Article

PDE4 Isoforms: Opportunities for Precision Pharmacology

Dean Paes, Melissa Schepers, Ben Rombaut, Daniel van den Hove, Tim Vanmierlo and Jos Prickaerts
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2021, 73 (3) 1016-1049; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273

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Review ArticleReview Article

PDE4 Isoforms: Opportunities for Precision Pharmacology

Dean Paes, Melissa Schepers, Ben Rombaut, Daniel van den Hove, Tim Vanmierlo and Jos Prickaerts
Pharmacological Reviews July 1, 2021, 73 (3) 1016-1049; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Phosphodiesterase 4 Subtypes and Isoforms
    • III. Phosphodiesterase 4 Modifications and Interactions
    • IV. Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors
    • V. Adverse Effects of Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibition
    • VI. Outlook
    • Authorship Contributions
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    • Abbreviations
    • References
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