Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1
Action of mCSF on innate immune cells in Alzheimer’s disease. In the brain, mCSF stimulates proliferation of microglia and their phagocytic abilities toward amyloid peptides. The cytokine also stimulates the production of CCL2, which recruits monocytes from the blood stream. Monocytes infiltrate the brain on a CCR2-dependent manner and differentiate into microglia-like cells once into brain. The latter then helps to phagocyte amyloid peptides.
- Fig. 2
The effect of MDP on innate immunity: MDP induces the switch from inflammatory monocytes to patrolling monocytes into blood vessels. The latter cells scavenge vascular amyloid. The transport of Aβ across the BBB is partly done by LRP1. Perivascular microglia could be the cells transporting amyloid peptides from the parenchyma to LRP1 at the abluminal side of the BBB.
- Fig. 3
The effect of MPL on the immune system in AD. MPL activates the microglial phagocytosis via p38 and CD36/SRA. In blood vessels, MPL stimulates the proliferation of monocytes.
- Fig. 4
Action of mCSF, MDP, and MPL on the immune system in AD. mCSF stimulates monocyte precursors in the bone marrow to trigger the recruitment of Ly6Chi monocytes in the blood vessels where they may infiltrate into the brain to phagocyte amyloid plaques. MPL induces the proliferation of monocytes and activates the phagocytic response by microglia. MDP injections lead to the conversion from Ly6Chi to Ly6Clow monocytes in blood vessels and patrol the cerebrovascular system and clear amyloid peptides on the luminal side of the blood-brain barrier.
In this issue
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- Article
- Abstract
- I. Alzheimer Disease
- II. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
- III. Innate Immune System
- IV. Development of Monocytic Lineage
- V. The Role of Monocytes
- VI. Microglia Development and Role
- VII. Modulation of the Innate Immune System in AD
- VIII. Targeting the mCSF/CSFS1R Axis
- IX. Triggering Patrolling Monocytes to Clear Vascular Aβ
- X. Targeting TLR4
- XI. Final Remarks
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Figures & Data
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