Target | Results |
---|---|
Macromolecules | |
Protein | Denaturation, chain scission strand |
Scission | |
DNA | Base modification, cell cycle disruption |
Smaller molecules | |
Carbohydrates | Cell surface receptor changes |
Nucleic acid | Cell cycle changes, mutations |
Unsaturated lipids | Fatty acid oxidation |
organelle and cell membrane permeability changes | |
Amino acids | Enzyme inhibition, cross linking |
Antioxidants | Reduce availability of GSH, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and ascorbate |
Cofactors | Reduced availability of nicotinamide and flavin-containing cofactors |