Telencephalic afferents |
Retina | | |
Foote et al., 1978; Shen and Semba, 1994 |
Prefrontal cortex | Scarce | Possibly Ach |
Arnsten and Goldman-Rakic, 1984 |
Subcortical forebrain afferents | | |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977 |
Diagonal band of brocca | Moderate-high | Possibly Ach |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977
|
| Low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Stria terminalis | Scarce | AA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977
|
| | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Diencephalic afferents |
Hypothalamic areas |
Lateral area | Moderate | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Berk and Filkenstein, 1982 |
| High | AA |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Dorsomedial area | High | |
Sakai et al., 1977
|
| Moderate | AA |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Parvocellular nucleus | Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Magnocellular nucleus | Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Perifornical area | Moderate | |
Sakai et al., 1977
|
| Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Preoptic area | Low | |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977
|
| Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Arcuate nucleus | Low | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Saper et al., 1979 |
Submammillothalamic nucleus | Low | |
Kalen et al., 1985
|
Nucleus habenularis |
Lateralis | High | AA, GABA, |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; Sakai et al., 1977; Herkenham and Nauta, 1977; |
Medialis | | Substance P |
Neckers et al., 1979;Stern et al., 1981; Kalen et al., 1985; Nishikawa and Scatton, 1985;Park, 1987; Kalen et al., 1989 |
Brainstem afferents |
Periaqueductal periventricular gray | Low | AA Neuropeptides |
Kalen et al., 1985
|
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus | Low | |
Sakai et al., 1977
|
VTA | Low-moderate | DA, AA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; |
Sustantia nigra | Moderate-low | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Kalen et al., 1985 |
Locus ceruleus and subceruleus | High | NE |
Roizen and Jacobowitz, 1976; Sakai et al., 1977; Grzanna and Molliver, 1980; Baraban and Aghajanian, 1981; Kalen et al., 1985 |
Nucleus tractus solitarius/A2
| Moderate | NE |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; Sim and Joseph, 1989; Hebert and Saper, 1992
|
Paragigantocellular nucleus/C1, C2-C3
| | Epinephrine |
Sim and Joseph, 1989; Hebert and Saper, 1992 |
Parabrachial nuclei | Moderate-high | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Kalen et al., 1985
|
Raphe nuclei |
Caudalis linearis | Low | 5-HT |
Sakai et al., 1977 |
Dorsalis | Moderate | 5-HT |
Mosko et al., 1977
|
Medianus centralis superior | Moderate-high | 5-HT EAA |
Mosko et al., 1977; Sakai et al., 1977; Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; Kalen et al., 1985, 1988; Vertez and Martin, 1988
|
Magnus | Moderate-high | 5-HT |
Sakai et al., 1977; Kalen et al., 1985 |
Vestibular nuclei | Moderate-low | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Kalen et al., 1985 |
Prepositus hypoglossy | Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985 |
Nucleus principalis trigemini | Moderate-low | |
Kalen et al., 1985
|
Area dorsolateral to inferior olive | Moderate-low | |
Sakai et al., 1977; Kalen et al., 1985 |
Cortical afferents |
Prefrontal cortex | Moderate-high | Possibly Ach, AA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Subcortical forebrain afferents |
Lateral septum | Scarce | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Diagonal band of brocca | Moderate-high Low | Possibly Ach Noncholinergic |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Kalen and Wiklund, 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Stria terminalis | Scarce | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Amygdala | Moderate-low | |
Hopkins and Holstege, 1978; Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Nucleus accumbens | Low | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Ventral pallidum | Moderate | |
Behzadi et al., 1990
|
Diencephalic afferents |
Hypothalamic areas |
Dorsomedial area | High | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Perifornical area | High | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990
|
Preoptic area | High | AA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977;Villalobos and Ferssiwi, 1987; Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Arcuate nucleus Ventromedial nuclei Tuber cinereum | Low | |
Marzienkewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990
|
Premammillary, tuberomammillary, supramammillary, submammillothalamic nuclei | High | |
Marzienkewicz et al., 1989;Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Nucleus habenularis |
Lateralis | High | AA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; Herkenham and Nauta, 1977; |
Medialis | Low | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Brainstem afferents |
Periaqueductal Periventricular gray | Moderate-high | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus | High | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989
|
VTA | Moderate-low | DA |
Aghajanian and Wang, 1977; |
Substantia nigra | Moderate-low | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Interpeduncular nucleus | High | AA |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Locus ceruleus and subceruleus | High | NE |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989
|
Parabrachial nuclei | Moderate | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Raphe nuclei |
Caudalis linearis | Low | 5-HT |
Rostralis linearis | Moderate | 5-HT |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989
|
B9
| Moderate-high | 5-HT/other |
Stratford and Wirthshafter, 1988 |
| | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989
|
Dorsalis | High | 5-HT |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989;Behzadi et al., 1990; Vertes and Kocsis, 1994 |
Pontis, magnus | Moderate | 5-HT |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Obscurus | Low | 5-HT |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990 |
Vestibular nuclei | Low | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989 |
Motor nuclei: oculomotor, trochlear | Moderate-low | 5-HT |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989 |
Prepositus hypoglossy | Moderate-low | |
Marzienkiewicz et al., 1989; Behzadi et al., 1990
|