Table 5

Viral chemokines and chemokine receptors

Virus Family	Virus	ORF	Common Names	Chemokine or Receptor Class	Function	References
γ-Herpesviridae	H. saimiri	74	ECRF3	ELR+ CXCR	Calcium flux in vitro	Ahuja and Murphy, 1993
	HHV8 (KSHV)	74	ORF 74 KSHV GPCR	CC/CXCR (constitutively active)	Oncogenic Angiogenic	Arvanitakis et al., 1997 Bais et al., 1998
		K6	vMIP-I	CC chemokine	Angiogenic CCR8 agonist	Boshoff et al., 1997 Endres et al., 1999
		K4	vMIP-II	CC chemokine	Angiogenic HIV suppressive Th2 chemoattractant A ntagonist at CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4	Boshoff et al., 1997 Kledal et al., 1997 Sozzani et al., 1998b Dairaghi et al., 1999
			vMIP-III	CC chemokine	N.A.
	Mouse γHV68	74	74	Putative CXCR	N.A.	Virgin et al., 1997
	Equine HV2	E1 74		Eotaxin receptor Putative CXCR	Chemotaxis N.A.	Telford et al., 1995; Camarda et al., 1999
						Telford et al., 1995
β-Herpesviridae	Human CMV	US28	US28	CC/CX3CR	Calcium flux Chemokine sequestration Smooth muscle cell migration	Neote et al., 1993 Gao and Murphy, 1994 Bodaghi et al., 1999; Streblow et al., 1999
		UL33	UL33	Putative CCR	N.A.	Chee et al., 1990
		UL146	vCXC-1	CXC chemokine	Neutrophil calcium flux, chemotaxis, and degranulation; CXCR2 specific	Penfold et al., 1999
		UL147	vCXC-2	CXC chemokine	N.A.	Saederup et al., 1999
	Mouse CMV	m131/129	m131/129 MCK-1/MCK-2	CC chemokine	Virulence factor. Blocks NK− and T cell response to MCMV in vivo; also proinflammatory early in infection. Mutant virus → reduced viremia C alcium flux (mouse peritoneal macrophages; human CCR3 transfectants)	Fleming et al., 1999 Saederup et al., 1999
		M33	M33	Putative CCR	Virulence factor	Davis-Poynter et al., 1997
	Rat CMV	R33	R33	Putative CCR	Virulence factor	Beisser et al., 1998
	HHV6	U12	U12	CCR	Calcium flux in vitro	Isegawa et al., 1998
		U83	U83	CC chemokine	THP-1 cell chemotaxis	Zou et al., 1999
	HHV7	U12	U12	Putative CCR		Nicholas, 1996
Poxviridae	M. contagiosum virus (MCV)	MC148	MC148RvMCC-1	CC chemokine	Blocks neutrophil, monocyte, and T cell chemotaxis induced by multiple CC and CXC chemokines Antagonist at CCR2 and CCR8 B locks human hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation	Krathwohl et al., 1997 Damon et al., 1998 Dairaghi et al., 1999
	Ortho- and leporipoxviruses	B29R (vaccinia)	T135-kDa protein vCCI vCKBP vCBP-I	CC chemokine binding protein (K _d = 0.1–15 nM)	Broad-spectrum CC chemokine scavenger A nti-inflammatory in context of vaccinia infection and allergic airway inflammation in guinea pig	Graham et al., 1997 Smith et al., 1997 Alcami et al., 1998
	Myxoma	T7	T7 vCBP-II	CC chemokine binding protein	Broad-spectrum CC chemokine and γ-IFN scavenger Anti-inflammatory in context of myxoma infection	Lalani et al., 1997
	Swine poxvirus	K2R	K2R	Putative CCR	N.A.	Massung et al., 1993
	Capripoxvirus	Q2/3L	Q2/3L	Putative CCR	N.A.	Cao et al., 1995
Lentiviridae	HIV	tat	tat	CC chemokine mimic	Monocyte chemoattractant: CCR2, CCR3 agonist HIV suppressive factor at CXCR4;CCR8 antagonist	Albini et al., 1998 Xiao et al., submitted
		env	gp120	Chemokine mimic	Chemotactic agonist at CCR5 Neuronal apoptosis via CXCR4	Weissman et al., 1997 Hesselgesser et al., 1998b

All molecules listed, except for the poxvirus chemokine binding proteins and HIV Tat, have conserved sequences with cellular chemokines or chemokine receptors (7TM). N.A., not available. Note that the following ORFs are syntenic: U12 of HHV6 and HHV7, M33 of MCMV, and R33 of rat CMV.