Table 2

Characteristics of arrestin family members

Family Name	Size (a.a.)	Polypeptide Variant (a.a.)	Tissue Distribution^2-a	Substrate	Phosphorylation	Function
Visual arrestin (S antigen)bovine	404	396, 370 (p⁴⁴)	r > pin; cb = pbl p⁴⁴:ros ≫ ris^2-b	Rho > β₂AR > m2 mAChR	PKC Ca²⁺-calmodulin	Desensitization

Cone arrestin (C- or X-arrestin)human	388	N.D.	> pin > pit, lu	N.D.	N.D.	Desensitization

β-Arrestin1rat	418	410	b > hip > bs, s, o > h ≫ lu, k > pit, sk > l	β₂AR > m2 mAChR ≫ Rho	MAPK	Desensitization Endocytosis Signaling

β-Arrestin 2^2-c (arrestin3)rat	410	399	s > hip > b > o, bs > pit, h, l ≫ k ≫ lu > sk	β₂AR, m2 mAChR ≫ Rho	Casein kinase II	Desensitization Endocytosis Signaling

N.D., not determined; a.a., amino acids.
↵2-a As determined by mRNA expression:b, brain; bs, brain stem; c, cone photoreceptors; cb, cerebellum; cx, cerebral cortex; h, heart; hip, hippocampus;hyp, hypothalamus; i, intestine; l, liver; lu, lung; k, kidney; o, ovary;pin, pinealocytes; pit, pituitary;pbl, primary blood leukocytes; r, retina;ros, rod outer segment; ris, rod inner segment;s, spleen; sk, skeletal muscle; t, testes.
↵2-b As determined by immunofluorescence.
↵2-c Very abundant in human mononuclear leukocytes.
References used: Yamaki et al., 1987; Sagi-Eisenberg et al., 1989;Lohse et al., 1990a; Yamada et al., 1990; Attramadal et al., 1992;Parruti et al., 1993b; Sterne-Marr et al., 1993; Craft et al., 1994;Smith et al., 1994; Gurevich et al., 1995; Ferguson et al., 1996b;Weiss et al., 1998; Kim et al., 1999; Lin et al., 1999; Luttrell et al., 1999; Barlic et al., 2000; DeFea et al., 2000.