Tissue | Cell Type | Effect | Endogenous Activator | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Airway | Bronchial SM; endothelial; lung fibroblast | Bronchorelaxation/bronchoconstriction; ↑ PGE2 release; proliferation | Tryptase; MT-SP-1; HAT | Akers et al., 2000; Cicala et al., 1999;Cocks et al., 1999a; Ricciardolo et al., 2000; Takeuchi et al., 2000;Yamaoka et al., 1998 |
Bone | Osteoblast | ↑ [Ca2+](i) | Tryptase | Abraham et al., 2000 |
Cardiovascular system | Vascular SM; endothelium; cardiac myocytes | Relaxation/contraction; mitogenesis; ↑ [Ca2+](i); ↑ von Willebrand factor release; ↑ NO release | Tryptase | Al-Ani et al., 1995; Bono et al., 1997;Mirza et al., 1996; Roy et al., 1998; Sabri et al., 2000; Storck et al., 1996 |
Epidermis | Keratinocytes | ↑ [Ca2+](i); inhibits proliferation and differentiation; ↑ IL-6 and GM-CSF expression; ↑ pigmentation; ↑ melanin ingestion; ↑ phagocytosis | Tryptase; SCTE | Derian et al., 1997; Ekholm et al., 2000; Santulli et al., 1995; Seiberg et al., 2000a, b; Sharlow et al., 2000; Wakita et al., 1997 |
Exocrine glands | Salivary; parotid; sublingual | ↑ Saliva production; ↑ amylase and ↑ mucin secretion | Tryptase | Kawabata et al., 2000a,c |
Gallbladder | SM | Contraction; prostanoid release | Tryptase; trypsin | Tognetto et al., 2000 |
Immune system | Leukocytes; mast cells | ↑ [Ca2+](i); ↑ adhesion; ↑ rolling; ↑ migration | Tryptase | Howells et al., 1997; Vergnolle, 1999;Vergnolle et al., 1999 |
Intestine | Epithelium; SM | PGE2 release ↑ [Ca2+](i); contraction; ↓ motility | Tryptase; trypsin; MT-SP-1 | Bohm et al., 1996b;Corvera et al., 1997; Kong et al., 1997; Takeuchi et al., 2000 |
Kidney | Cortical cells | ↑ Cl−secretion | Tryptase; MT-SP-1 | Bertog et al., 1999; Takeuchi et al., 2000 |
Nervous system | Glia; astrocytes; neurones | ↑ [Ca2+](i) | Tryptase; P22; SFRB60; neurosin | Corvera et al., 1999; Hollenberg et al., 2000; Kaufmann et al., 1999; Sawada et al., 2000; Ubl et al., 1998; Yamashiro et al., 1997 |
Pancreas | Duct epithelial cells; MIAPaCa-2 tumor cells | ↑ Cl− and K+ conductance; ↑ IP turnover and ↑ [Ca2+](i); ↑ proliferation; ↑ pancreatic juice secretion | Trypsin; tryptase; TMPRSS3 | Kaufmann et al., 1998; Kawabata et al., 2000c; Nguyen et al., 1999; Wallrapp et al., 2000 |
Stomach | SM | Contraction | Tryptase; MT-SP-1; trypsin 2 | Al-Ani et al., 1995; Alm et al., 2000; Saifeddine et al., 1996; Takeuchi et al., 2000 |
Ureter | Circular muscle | ↓ Beating | Tryptase | Moffatt and Cocks, 1999 |
The endogenous activator outlined is putative and based on enzyme(s) used in individual studies or cellular expression of serine proteinases. SM, smooth muscle; MT-SP-1, membrane-type serine protease-1; HAT, human airway trypsin-like protease; SCTE, stratum corneum tryptic enzyme; p22, 22 kDa trypsin-like serine protease; [Ca2+](i), intracellular calcium; IL, interleukin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; TMPRSS3, transmembrane serine protease 3.