Neurotransmitter System | References | Type of Procedure; Training Dose (mg/kg/inf); Schedule; Session Duration (h/day); Priming Dose (mg/kg) | Cocaine-Trained | Heroin-Trained |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corticosterone | ||||
Adrenalectomy | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
Erb et al., 1998 | B; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | ||
Adrenalectomy + CORT replacement | Erb et al., 1998 | B; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
Corticosterone synthesis inhibitor: | ||||
Chronic metyrapone (100.0 mg/kg, s.c., 4–8 days) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
Acute metyrapone (100.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
Ketoconazole (50.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Mantsch and Goeders, 1999b | B; 0.5; FR-4; 2 h; 5–20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
Cannabinoids | ||||
Cannabinoid antagonist: | ||||
SR141716A (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | De Vries et al., 2001 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 1.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
CRF | ||||
CRF antagonists: | ||||
D-Phe CRF 12–41 (0.1–1.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Erb et al., 1998 | B; C; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
α-Helical-CRF (3.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; H; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No consistent effect | |
α-Helical-CRF (1.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.), CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
CRF1 receptor antagonists: | ||||
CP-154,526 (1.0–10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.); CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
CRF2 receptor antagonists: | ||||
AS-30 (1.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.); CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | No effect | |
Dopamine | ||||
Amphetamine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1; 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Potentiation | |
D1-like receptor antagonist: | ||||
SCH 23390 (0.01 mg/kg, i.v.) | Norman et al., 1999 | B-W; 0.05–4.0; FR5 or FR1; 2 h; 20–100 μg/kg (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
SCH 23390 (0.05–0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
D2-like receptor antagonist: | ||||
Haloperidol (0.075–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) | Ettenberg et al., 1996 | B; Runway; 0.06; 0.06 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Haloperidol (0.15–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) | McFarland and Ettenberg, 1997 | B; Runway; 0.1; 0.1 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Raclopride (0.25–0.5, i.p.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
D1-like receptor agonist: | ||||
SKF 82958 (0.3–1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5–2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
SKF 81297 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
ABT-431 (0.1–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
D2/3-like receptor agonist: | ||||
7-OH-DPAT (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 (i.v.) | Potentiation | |
Nonselective dopamine antagonist: | ||||
Flupethixol (3.0–6.0 mg/kg, i.m.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 7–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
Fluphenazine (10.0 nmol/side, NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | No effect | |
GABA | ||||
Agonist: | ||||
Baclofen (1.25–2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) | Campbell et al., 1999 | W; 0.4; FR-1; 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Glutamate | ||||
NMDA antagonist: | ||||
D-CPPene (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Bespalov et al., 2000 | B; 0.32; FR-1; 3 h; 1.0 (i.v.) | Nonspecific effect | |
CPP (0.1 nmol/side, into NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | No effect | |
Memantine (1.0–10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Bespalov et al., 2000 | B; 0.32; FR-1; 1.0 (i.v.) | Nonspecific effect | |
AMPA receptor antagonist: | ||||
CNQX (1.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
Noradrenaline | ||||
α2-Adrenoceptor agonists: | ||||
Clonidine (10.0 or 40.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | No effect | |||
Lofexidine (50.0–200.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | Erb et al., 2000 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
Guanabenz (640.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | No effect | |||
Opioids | ||||
Agonists: | ||||
Butorphanol (8.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Morphine (0.3–3.0, s.c.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | No effect | |
Chronic heroin (3.0 mg/kg/day via osmotic pump) | Shaham et al., 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 7–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
Partial agonist: | ||||
Buprenorphine (0.025–0.4 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
μ-Receptor selective agonist: | ||||
Etonitazene (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Some attenuation | |
κ-Receptor agonist: | ||||
U69593 (0.16 or 0.32 mg/kg, s.c.) | Schenk et al., 1999 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 20 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
Antagonist: | ||||
Naltrexone (1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | No effect | |
Naltrexone (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Stewart, 1984 | W; 0.1; FR-1, 2–3 h; 0.1 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Naltrexone (1–10 mg/kg, s.c.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h | Attenuation | |
Serotonin | ||||
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: | ||||
Fluoxetine (3.0 mg/kg/day, i.p., 20 days) | Baker et al., 2001 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 6 h; 15 (i.p.) | No effect | |
5-HT2C agonist: | ||||
Ro 60-0175 (1.0–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Grottick et al., 2000 | B; 0.25; FR-5; 1 h; 15 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
5-HT2 antagonist: | ||||
Ritanserin (1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Schenk, 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 5.0–20.0 (i.p.) | No effect | |
5-HT1Aantagonist: | ||||
WAY 100653 (0.1–1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Schenk, 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 5.0–20.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
Other manipulations | ||||
Cocaine immunogen GNC-KLH | Carrera et al., 2000 | B; 0.25; FR-1; 1 h; 0.25 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
Leptin (2.0 and 4.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Shalev et al., 2001 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 9 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
Acamprosate (50.0–200.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Spanagel et al., 1998 | B; 0.1; 4 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
PKA inhibitor: | ||||
Rp-cAMPS (40.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Self et al., 1998 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 or 2.0 | Potentiation | |
PKA activator: | ||||
Sp-cAMPS (40.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Self et al., 1998 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 or 2.0 | Nonspecific effect |
Abbreviations: B, between-session reinstatement procedure; B-W, between-within session reinstatement procedure; C, cocaine; H, heroin; W, within-session reinstatement procedure.