Physiological function and pharmacology of calcium channels
| Channel | Current | Localization | Specific Antagonists | Cellular Functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaV1.1 | L | Skeletal muscle; transverse tubules | Dihydropyridines; phenylalkylamines; benzothiazepines | Excitation-contraction coupling |
| CaV1.2 | L | Cardiac myocytes; smooth muscle myocytes; endocrine cells; neuronal cell bodies; proximal dendrites | Dihydropyridines; phenylalkylamines; benzothiazepines | Excitation-contraction coupling; hormone release; regulation of transcription; synaptic integration |
| CaV1.3 | L | Endocrine cells; neuronal cell bodies and dendrites; cardiac atrial myocytes and pacemaker cells; cochlear hair cells | Dihydropyridines; phenylalkylamines; benzothiazepines | Hormone release; regulation of transcription; synaptic regulation; cardiac pacemaking; hearing; neurotransmitter release from sensory cells |
| CaV1.4 | L | Retinal rod and bipolar cells; spinal cord; adrenal gland; mast cells | Dihydropyridines; phenylalkylamines; benzothiazepines | Neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors |
| CaV2.1 | P/Q | Nerve terminals and dendrites; neuroendocrine cells | ω-Agatoxin IVA | Neurotransmitter release; dendritic Ca2+ transients; hormone release |
| CaV2.2 | N | Nerve terminals and dendrites; neuroendocrine cells | ω-Conotoxin-GVIA | Neurotransmitter release; dendritic Ca2+ transients; hormone release |
| CaV2.3 | R | Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites | SNX-482 | Repetitive firing; dendritic calcium transients |
| CaV3.1 | T | Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites; cardiac and smooth muscle myocytes | None | Pacemaking; repetitive firing |
| CaV3.2 | T | Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites; cardiac and smooth muscle myocytes | None | Pacemaking; repetitive firing |
| Cav3.3 | T | Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites | None | Pacemaking; repetitive firing |