Structures | mRNA | Cell Bodies | Fibers | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Telencephalon | ||||
Olfactory bulb | ||||
Anterior olfactory nucleus | ++ | Skoglösa et al., 1999c | ||
Cerebral cortex | ||||
Cingulate cortex | ++ | –/+ | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
Cortex extract | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
Endopyriform nucleus | + | – | Köves et al., 1994b | |
Entorhinal cortex | + | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
Frontal cortex | + | + | Ghatei et al., 1993; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Skoglösa et al., 1999c | |
Hind limb area | + | Köves et al., 1994b | ||
Olfactory area | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Neocortical area | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Septum | ||||
Lateral septal nucleus | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Septofimbrial nucleus | – | + | Köves et al., 1991 | |
Septohippocampal nucleus | – | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
Amygdaloid complex | ++ | + | Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Basal lateral nucleus | –/+ | –/+ | Köves et al., 1991; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Medial nucleus | –/+ | –/+ | Köves et al., 1991; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis | –/++ | ++/+++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Kozicz et al., 1997 | |
Central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral div. | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Central amygdaloid nucleus, medial div. | – | ++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus | + | – | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
Medial amygdaloid nucleus | ++ | Murase et al., 1995 | ||
Hippocampal formation | ||||
CA1 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
CA2 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
CA3 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
Dentate gyrus | ++ | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Murase et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
“Middle layer” | ++ | ++ | Köves et al., 1991 | |
Diagonal band of Broca | + | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
Medial forebrain bundle | + | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
Lamina terminalis | ||||
Organum vasculosum | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Diencephalon | ||||
Epithalamus | ||||
Lateral habenular nucleus | +++ | – | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c) |
Pineal gland | ++ | Møller et al., 1999 | ||
Thalamus | ||||
Central medial nucleus | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
Mediodorsal nucleus | ++ | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
Paraventricular nucleus, post. part | ++ | + | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
Hypothalamus | ||||
Anterior commissure | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Anterior commissural nucleus | ++ | – | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b | |
Anterior hypothalamic area | –/+ | –/++ | Köves et al., 1994a,b; Piggins et al., 1996; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Arcuate nucleus | ++ | –/++ | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Köves et al., 1994a,b; Murase et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996; Das et al., 2007 |
Dorsomedial nuclei | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
Hypothalamic extract | +++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
Intermediate hypothalamus nucleus | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Lateral anterior hypothalamic nucleus | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b | ||
Lateral hypothalamic area | –/++ | –/+ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Piggins et al., 1996; Das et al., 2007 | |
Habenular nuclei | ++ | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | |
Medial preoptic area | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Das et al., 2007 | ||
Mediobasal hypothalamus | ++ | ++ | Dürr et al., 2007 | |
Supramammillary nuclei | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
Ventromedial nuclei | ++ | ++ | Dürr et al., 2007; Das et al., 2007 | |
Ventricular system | ||||
Subfornical organ | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Median eminence, internal zone | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995b; Mikkelsen et al., 1995 | |
Median eminence, external zone | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995a; Hannibal et al., 1995b; Mikkelsen et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Paraventricular nucleus | ++ | +/+++ | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995a,b |
Perifornical nucleus | + | + | Köves et al., 1991 | |
Periventricular nucleus | + | +/+++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Hannibal et al., 1995a; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
Tuber cinereum | ++ | ++ | Piggins et al., 2001 | |
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus | +++ | ++ | +++ | Hannibal et al., 1995a; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
Mesencephalon | ||||
Central gray | – | + | Kivipelto et al., 1992 | |
Periaqueductal white matter | + | Tajti et al., 2001 | ||
Pretectum | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
Metencephalon | ||||
Cerebellum | + | Skoglösa et al., 1999b | ||
Cerebellum extract | –/++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
Granular layer | – | – | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b |
Molecular layer | – | – | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b |
Purkinje layer | –/+ | –/++ | –/+ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b; Skoglösa et al., 1999b; Hannibal, 2002 |
Cochlear nuclei | + | Kawano et al., 2001; Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Choroid plexus | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
Myelencephalon | ||||
Brainstem | ||||
Brainstem extract | –/++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
Locus ceruleus | + | Tajti et al., 2001; Ahnaou et al., 2006; Farnham et al., 2008 | ||
Pontine nucleus | + | + | Hannibal, 2002; Ahnaou et al., 2006 | |
Lateral parabrachial nucleus | + | + | + | Hannibal, 2002 |
Vagal complex | + | + | Hannibal, 2002 | |
Medulla oblongata | ||||
A1 noradrenergic cells | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Nucleus ambiguus | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Area postrema | – | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Caudal raphe nuclei | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Dorsal vagal nucleus | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
External cuneate nucleus | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Hypoglossal nucleus | + | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
Magnocellular lateral reticular nucleus | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Pyramidal tract | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Raphe obscurus nucleus | + | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
Raphe pallidus nucleus | + | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
Solitary nucleus commissural sub. | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Solitary nucleus medial subnucleus | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Spinal trigeminal nucleus caudal sub. | – | +++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
Ventral medullary surface | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
Ventrolateral medulla | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 |
div., division; post., posterior; sub., subnucleus.
The symbols provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of the density of PACAP mRNA and PACAP- immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers: +++, high density; ++, moderate density; +, low density; –, no hybridization signal or no immunoreactivity.