Drugs | Effects in the Kindling Model | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Suppression of Fully Kindled Seizures (Anticonvulsant Effect) | Retardation of Kindling Development (Antiepileptogenic or Disease-Modifying Effect) | |||
Kindling Acquisition Retarded when Drug Is Given before Each Stimulus | Further Retardation of Kindling Acquisition (or Less Severe Seizures) after Washout of Drug (Disease Modification) | |||
Carbamazepine | + | N.E. | N.E. | Schmutz et al., 1988; Silver et al., 1991 |
Phenytoin | + | N.E. | N.E. | Racine et al., 1975; Turner et al., 1977; Schmutz et al., 1988; Ebert et al., 1997 |
Lamotrigine | + | + | N.E. | Stratton et al., 2003 |
Lacosamide | + | + | N.E. | Brandt et al., 2006b |
Phenobarbital | + | + | + | Turner et al., 1977; Silver et al., 1991 |
Valproate | + | + | + | Silver et al., 1991 |
Levetiracetam | + | + | + | Löscher et al., 1998; Stratton et al., 2003 |
Benzodiazepines | + | + | N.D. | Schmutz et al., 1988 |
Vigabatrin | + | + | N.D. | Shin et al., 1986 |
Topiramate | + | + | N.D. | Amano et al., 1998; Mazarati et al., 2007 |
NMDA antagonists (e.g., MK-801) | N.E. (only reduction of seizure severity) | + | N.D. | Gilbert, 1988; Löscher, 1998b |
+, effect is present; N.D., not determined; N.E., not effective.