TABLE 4

Site of action for pharmacological agents acting on group II and group III mGlu receptors in the periphery

This table does not include studies performed in sensory cells.

Agent	Site of Action	Effect	References
Group II Agonists
4C3HPG	Thymic cell line	Reduction of forskolin-induced increase of cAMP	Storto et al., 2000a
APCD	Thymic cell line	Reduction of forskolin-induced increase of cAMP	Storto et al., 2000a
DCG-IV	Cartilage	Inhibited mineralization	Wang et al., 2005
L-CCG-1	Pancreatic β cells	Increased release of insulin	Brice et al., 2002
Group II antagonists
LY341495	Tumor cells	Inhibition of cell proliferation and number of tumor aggregates	Arcella et al., 2005; D'Onofrio et al., 2003; Iacovelli et al., 2006
PCCG-4	Thymic cell line	Inhibition of 4C3HPG-induced effect	Storto et al., 2000a
Group III Agonists
ACPT-I	Osteoclasts	Reduction in KCl-evoked secretion of glutamate and bone degradation products	Morimoto et al., 2006
	Pancreatic cells	Inhibition of glucagon secretion at low concentrations of glucose	Uehara et al., 2004
AMN082^{^a}	Colon	Increased fecal water content in vivo and electrolyte secretion in vitro	Julio-Pieper et al., 2010
DCPG	Colon	Increased motility	Tong and Kirchgessner, 2003
	Pancreatic cells	Inhibition of glucagon secretion at low concentrations of glucose	Uehara et al., 2004
l-AP4	Duodenum	Increased intracellular pH and mucus gel thickness	Akiba et al., 2009
	Tumor cells	Increased cell invasiveness	Chang et al., 2005
	Pancreatic β cells	Increased release of insulin at low concentrations of glucose	Brice et al., 2002
	Lymphocytes	Production of ROS	Boldyrev et al., 2004
	Endothelial cells	Increased paracellular permeability	Collard et al., 2002
	Osteoblasts	Inhibited accumulation of cAMP induced by forskolin and parathyroid hormone	Hinoi et al., 2001
	Cartilage	Inhibited mineralization	Wang et al., 2005
	Embryonic bodies	Increased expression of markers for cell differentiation	Cappuccio et al., 2006
PPG	Colon	Increased motility	Tong and Kirchgessner, 2003
	Pancreatic cells	Inhibition of glucagon secretion at low concentrations of glucose	Uehara et al., 2004
Group III Antagonists
CPPG	Colon	Inhibits motility and PPG-induced increase in motility	Tong and Kirchgessner, 2003
	Endothelial cells	Attenuated glutamate-mediated increases in paracellular permeability	Collard et al., 2002
	Osteoblasts	Prevention of l-AP4 effect	Hinoi et al., 2001
	Osteoclasts	Blockade of effects induced by ACPT-I	Morimoto et al., 2006
	Pancreatic cells	Prevention of Glu-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion	Uehara et al., 2004
MAP4	Duodenum	Prevention of glutamate-induced alkalinization and mucus secretion	Akiba et al., 2009
	Bone stromal cells	Inhibition of Glu-induced reduction of NOS activity and intracellular Ca²⁺ levels	Foreman et al., 2005
MSOP	Embryonic bodies	Inhibition of l-AP4-induced expression of markers for cell differentiation	Cappuccio et al., 2006

ACPT-I, (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid; L-CCG-1, (2S,1′S,2′S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine; MSOP, (R,S)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate; NOS, nitric-oxide synthase; PCCG-4, (2S,1′S,2′S,2′R)-2-(2′-carboxy-3′phenylcyclopropyl)glycine; PPG, (R,S)-phosphonophenylglycine.
↵a Specific for mGlu7 receptor.