κ-Conotoxins inhibiting Kv potassium channels (κA/M-conotoxin loop formula C0C6–7CC2–4C0–3C)
Lower-case serine or threonine residues are glycosylated, and the lower case tryptophan is a d-amino acid. Cysteines are bolded and aligned separately for the different κ-conotoxin classes, with residues affecting potassium channel affinity underlined.
Species | Name | Diet | Sequence (Disulfide Bonding Likely 1–4/2–5/3–6) | Selectivity (Kvx) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
123456 | |||||
κM- and κA- Conotoxins | |||||
C. radiatus | RIIIJ | P | --------LOOCCTOOKKH-COAOACKYKOC---CKS | 1.2 | Chen et al., 2010 |
RIIIK | P | --------LPSCCSLNLRL-CPVPACKRNPC---CT* | TSha1 ∼ Shaker ∼ 1.2 > 1.5 ∼ 1.6 ∼ 1.1 ∼ 1.3 ∼ 1.4 | Chen et al., 2010; Ferber et al., 2003, 2004; Al-Sabi et al., 2004 | |
C. consors | CcTx | P | AOWLVPsQITTCCGYNOGTMCOSCMCTNT-C | Favreau et al., 1999 | |
C. magus | MIVA | P | AOγLVVtAtTNCCGYNOMTICOO--CM---CTYSCOOKRKO* | ? | Santos et al., 2004 |
C. purpurascens | PIVE | P | ----------DCCGVKLEM-CHP--C---LCDNSCKNYGK* | Frog, fish | Teichert et al., 2007a |
PIVF | P | ----------DCCGVKLEM-CHP--C---LCDNSCKKSGK* | ? | Teichert et al., 2007a | |
C. striatus | SIVA | P | ZKSLVPsVITTCCGYDOGTMCOO--CR---CTNSC* | Frog, fish, Shaker | Craig et al., 1998; Santos et al., 2004 |
SIVB | P | ZKELVPsVITTCCGYDOGTMCOO--CR---CTNSCOTKOKKO* | ? | Santos et al., 2004 | |
C. stercusmuscarum | SmIVA | P | ZTWLVPstITTCCGYDOGTMCOT--CM---CDNTCKOKOKKS* | ? | Santos et al., 2004 |
SmIVB | P | ZPWLVPstITTCCGYDOGSMCOO--CM---CNNTCKOKOKKS | ? | Santos et al., 2004 | |
Other κ-conotoxins | |||||
C. planorbis | pl14a | V | ---FPRPRICNLACRAGIGHKYPFCHCR* | 1.6 > 1.1 > 1.2 ∼ 1.3 ∼ 1.4 ∼ 1.5 ∼ 2.1 ∼ 3.4 | Imperial et al., 2006 |
C. virgo | ViTx | V | SRCFPPGIYC-TSYLPCCWGICC-STCRNVCHLRIGK | 1.1 ∼ 1.3 > 1.2 | Kauferstein et al., 2003 |
C. spurius | sr11a | V | --CRTEGMSCγγNQQ-CCWRSCCRGECEAPCRFGP* | 1.2 ∼ 1.6 > 1.3 | Aguilar et al., 2007, 2010 |
C. betulinus | BeTX | V | --CRAγGTYC-γNDSQCCLNγCCWGGCGHOCRHP* | BK | Fan et al., 2003 |
C. purpurascens | PVIIA | P | --CRIPNQKCFQHLDDCCSRKCNRFNKCV* | Shaker Kv | Huang et al., 2005 |
C. striatus | Conkunitzin-S1 | P | KDRPSLCDLPADSGSGTKAEKRIYYNSARKQCLRFDYTGQG GNENNFRRTYDCQRTCL | Shaker Kv | Bayrhuber et al., 2005 |
C. ventricosus | Contryphan-Vn | P | GDCPwKPWC* | Voltage-gated and Ca2+-dependent K+ channels | Massilia et al., 2003 |
P, fish; M, molluscs; V, worms;
↵* , C-terminal amidation; TSha1, from trout, frog Kv, the skeletal muscle form; BK, Ca2+/voltage-dependent potassium channel.