Buffering Agenta | pKa(s) | Most Effective pH Rangeb | Example Formulations; Buffer Concentration (M); Route of Administration |
---|---|---|---|
Maleic acid | 1.9, 6.2 | 2–3 | Librium; 0.14 M i.v. |
Tartaric acid | 2.9, 4.2 | 2.5–4 | Priscoline; 0.04 M i.v. |
Lactic acid | 3.8 | 3–4.5 | Ciproxin; ∼0.012 M i.v. infusion |
Citric acid | 3.1, 4.8, 6.4 | 3–7 | Amikin; ∼0.13 M i.v. or i.m. |
Acetic acid | 4.75 | 4–6 | Novantrone; ∼0.08 M i.v. infusion |
Yutopar; ∼0.07 M i.v. infusion | |||
Sodium bicarbonate | 6.3, 10.3 | 4–9 | Ivanz; 0.03–0.5 M i.v. or i.m. |
Sodium phosphate | 2.2, 7.2, 12.4 | 6–8 | Coumadin; ∼0.04 M i.v. |
Zantac; ∼0.02 M i.v. or i.m. | |||
Norcuron; ∼0.012 M i.v. |
↵a Selected LD50 values (i.v. administration): Acetic acid: 525 mg/kg (mouse), sodium acetate: 1195 mg/kg (mouse), citric acid: 330 mg/kg (rabbit), sodium (mono) citrate: 379 mg/kg (rabbit), trisodium citrate: 143 mg/g (rat).
↵b Summarized from Li and Zhao (2007), Lee et al. (2003) and Nema and Brendel (2011).