Drug | Species | Stage of Addiction Cycle | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Binge/Intoxication | Withdrawal/Negative Affect | Preoccupation/Anticipation | ||
Alcohol | Humans | • Escalation of use F > M (qualitative) | • Negative affect F > M (qualitative) | • Stress or anxiety-induced relapse F > M (qualitative) |
• Amount of intake M > F (quantitative) | ||||
• Incidence M > F (population) | ||||
Rodents | • Amount of intake F > M (quantitative) | • Withdrawal symptoms M > F (quantitative) | • Stress-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative) | |
• In some studies intake does not differ F = M | ||||
Cocaine | Humans | • Escalation of use F > M (qualitative) | • Negative affect F > M (qualitative) | • Stress-induced relapse F > M (qualitative) |
• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative) | • Cue-induced relapse F > M (qualitative) | |||
• Incidence M > F (population) | • Cue-induced craving F > M (qualitative) | |||
Rodents | • Escalation of use F > M (qualitative) | • Withdrawal symptoms F > M (quantitative) | • Stress-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative) | |
• Amount of intake and motivation F > M (quantitative) | • Cue-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative) | |||
• Incidence F > M (population) | ||||
Opiates | Humans | • Incidence M > F (population) | ||
Rodents | • Reward/conditioned place preference F > M (quantitative) | • Symptoms/duration of symptoms M > F (quantitative) | ||
• Acquisition of self-administration F faster than M (qualitative) | • Acoustic startle as withdrawal index M = F (quantitative) | |||
• Motivation F > M (quantitative) | ||||
Nicotine | Humans | • Stress promotes initiation in women (qualitative) | • Negative affect F > M (qualitative) | • Higher cortisol predicts relapse in women (qualitative) |
• Women acquire self-administration at lower doses than men (quantitative) | • Lower cortisol and craving predict relapse in men (qualitative) | |||
• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative) | • Stress promotes relapse in women (qualitative) | |||
Rodents | • Stress promotes initiation in females and not males (qualitative) | • Stress and anxiety F > M (quantitative) | • No sex difference in stress-induced reinstatement | |
• Greater physical signs of withdrawal F > M (quantitative) | • Stress promotes relapse in females (qualitative) | |||
Cannabinoids | Humans | • Women report enhanced subjective ratings in response to smoked cannabis and progress from use to disordered use more rapidly than men (qualitative) | ||
Rodents | • F acquire faster than M (quantitative) | • Anxiogenic symptoms F > M (qualitative); Anxiolytic symptoms M > F (qualitative); No sex differences in precipitated withdrawal | • Cue-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative) | |
• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative) |
↵a For summarizing information presented in this article, see text for references.