TABLE 2

Damage-associated molecular patterns known to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke/cerebrovascular injury

Disease	DAMP	TLR	Cell Type/Tissue	References
Atherosclerosis	Apolipoprotein CIII	2	Monocytes	Kawakami et al., 2008
	C-reactive protein	4	VSMC	Liu et al., 2010b,c
	Extracellular matrix proteins
	Biglycan^{^a}	2, 4	Macrophages	Schaefer et al., 2005; Babelova et al., 2009; Neufeld et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2014
	Decorin^{^a}	2, 4	Macrophages, aortic valve, renal arteries	Merline et al., 2011; Neufeld et al., 2014
	Fibronectin-EDA	4	Endothelial cells, macrophages	Tan et al., 2004; Schoneveld et al., 2008
	Fibrinogen	4	Macrophages, monocytes	Smiley et al., 2001; Kuhns et al., 2007
	Heparan sulfate	2,4	Macrophages	Blich et al., 2013; Goodall et al., 2014
	Hyaluronan	2,4	Endothelial cells, macrophages	Taylor et al., 2004; Scheibner et al., 2006
	Tenascin C	4	Macrophages	Liu et al., 2012
	Versican^{^a}	2,4,6	Macrophages	Kim et al., 2009b; Barascuk et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2014
	HMGB1	2,4,9	Neutrophils, macrophages	Park et al., 2004; Hirata et al., 2013
	Heat shock proteins
	HSP60	2,4	Monocytes, VSMCs	de Graaf et al., 2006; Schoneveld et al., 2008
	HSP70	2,4	Monocytes, macrophages	Asea et al., 2002; Vabulas et al., 2002
	Neutrophil elastase^{^a}	4	Human embryonic kidney cells	Devaney et al., 2003; Henriksen and Sallenave, 2008; Sallenave and Shapiro, 2008
	Oxidized LDL	4	Endothelial cells, macrophages	Miller, 2005; Su et al., 2011
	S100 proteins^{^a}
	S100A8	4	Macrophages	McCormick et al., 2005; Schelbergen et al., 2012
	S100A9	4	Macrophages	McCormick et al., 2005; Schelbergen et al., 2012
	S100b	2	Adipocytes	Monden et al., 2013
	Uric acid^{^a}	2,4	Macrophages	Gagliardi et al., 2009; Liu-Bryan et al., 2005
Hypertension	ADMA^{^a}	4	Adipocytes	Matsuoka et al., 1997; Yang et al., 2009
	“Abnormal” HDL	2	Endothelial cells	Speer et al., 2013
	Angiotensin II^{^a}	4	Arteries, PVN	Dange et al., 2014; De Batista et al., 2014; Hernanz et al., 2015
	C-reactive protein	4	VSMC	Liu et al., 2010b,c
	Mitochondrial DNA	9	Arteries	McCarthy et al., 2014
	Fibrinogen	4	Cardiomyocytes	Li et al., 2009
	Fibronectin-EDA^{^a}	4	Aorta	Takasaki et al., 1992
	HMGB1	2,4,9	Endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes	Kim et al., 2012; Mersmann et al., 2013
	Heat shock proteins
	HSP60	2, 4	VSMCs	Pockley et al., 2000; de Graaf et al., 2006
	HSP70	2	Kidney, cardiomyocytes	Mathur et al., 2011; Pons et al., 2013
	Hyaluronan	2,4	Endothelial cells	Taylor et al., 2004
	Uric acid^{^a}	2,4	Macrophages	Liu-Bryan et al., 2005; Feig, 2014
Stroke & Cerebrovascular injury	Carboxyalkylpyrroles^{^b}	2	Endothelial cells	West et al., 2010
	CRIP^{^b}	2,4	Macrophages	Qiang et al., 2013
	HMGB1	2,4	Neurons, endothelial and, glial cells	Qiu et al., 2008, 2010
	Mitochondrial DAMPs^{^b}	9	Endothelial cells	Sun et al., 2013; Walko et al., 2014
	Peroxiredoxin	2,4	Macrophages	Shichita et al., 2012; Kuang et al., 2014

↵^a DAMP has no direct link with TLR in that cardiovascular disease. However, there is link between that DAMP and TLR(s) in other pathologies and that DAMP with the cardiovascular disease in question.
↵^b Not studied specifically for the cardiovascular disease in question; however, the particular DAMP does have significant implications for the clinical features of the disease.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein.