TABLE 1

Opposing catecholamine responses in awake animals

Upward arrows reflect increases, and downward arrows reflect decreases in phasic release. Superscripted letters correspond to the following references. The literature cited in this table is meant to provide notable examples of contrasting signaling and is by no means comprehensive.

StimulusNAc DopaminevBNST Norepinephrine
At rest (transients)PresentaAbsentb
ICSS
 Stimulation↑c↑d
 ICSS-predictive cue↑cNo effectd
 ICSS-extinction↓d↑d
Food reward
 Unexpected food↑eNo effectf
 Food-predictive cue↑gUnknown
 Food omission↓hUnknown
Drugs of abuse
 Drug exposure↑iNo effectj unknown
 Drug-predictive cue↑kUnknown
 Drug withdrawal↓j↑j, Unknown
Noxious/Aversive
 Quinine↓l↑m
 Fear cues↑↓nUnknown
 Tail pinch↑↓o↑o

  • ↵a Robinson et al., 2001; Wightman et al., 2007; Sombers et al., 2009.

  • ↵b Park et al., 2012, 2013; Fox et al., 2016b.

  • ↵c Garris et al., 1999; Cheer et al., 2007a; Owesson-White et al., 2008.

  • ↵d Park et al., 2013.

  • ↵e Roitman et al., 2004, 2008; Cone et al., 2014.

  • ↵f Park et al., 2012.

  • ↵g Day et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2011; Cacciapaglia et al., 2012; McCutcheon et al., 2012; Saddoris et al., 2015b.

  • ↵h Saddoris et al., 2015a.

  • ↵i Budygin et al., 2001; Cheer et al., 2004; Heien et al., 2005; Aragona et al., 2008; Covey et al., 2014; Vander Weele et al., 2014; Fox et al., 2016b.

  • ↵j Fox et al., 2016b.

  • ↵k Phillips et al., 2003; Stuber et al., 2005; Cameron et al., 2014.

  • ↵l Roitman et al., 2008; Park et al., 2012; Twining et al., 2015.

  • ↵m Park et al., 2012.

  • ↵n Badrinarayan et al., 2012.

  • ↵o Park et al., 2015.