Regulation of mAC isoforms
This table focuses on known direct regulators of AC, although there are indirect routes to altering AC activity. Some of the effects listed have been clearly demonstrated as “direct” using purified, cell free components, whereas others have only been shown in intact cells. In the case of the latter, one must consider indirect mechanisms as well as the requirement for other factors for the effect to be realized. This table is adapted and updated from that published by Ostrom et al. (2012).
| Regulator | Effect | AC Isoform | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| FSK (no known physiologic ligand for FSK site) | Stimulation | All isoforms (except AC9) | Premont et al. (1996); Yan et al. (1998); Onda et al. (2001); Cumbay and Watts (2004) |
| Gαs | Stimulation | All isoforms | Iyengar (1993) |
| Gαi | Inhibition | AC1, AC5, AC6; not AC2 | Federman et al. (1992); Chen and Iyengar (1993); Taussig et al. (1993a, 1994a) |
| Gβγ | Inhibition | AC1, AC3, AC8 | Taussig et al., (1993b); Diel et al. (2006) |
| Stimulation (conditional) | AC2, AC4, AC5, AC6 | Tang and Gilman (1991); Gao and Gilman (1991); Thomas and Hoffman (1996); Gao et al. (2007); Brand et al. (2015) | |
| Ca2+ | Inhibition | AC5, AC6 | Yoshimura and Cooper (1992); Katsushika et al. (1992) |
| Ca2+/CaM | Stimulation | AC1, AC3 (weak), AC8 | Tang et al. (1991);Choi et al. (1992); Cali et al. (1994) |
| CaM Kinase | Inhibition | AC1, AC3 | Wayman et al. (1996); Wei et al. (1996) |
| PKC | Stimulation | AC1, AC2, AC3, AC5, AC7 | Jacobowitz et al. (1993); Jacobowitz and Iyengar (1994); Kawabe et al. (1994) ; Watson et al. (1994); Bol et al. (1997) |
| PKC | Inhibition | AC6 | Lai et al. (1997) |
| PKA | Inhibition | AC5, AC6, AC8 | Iwami et al. (1995); Chen et al. (1997); Willoughby et al. (2012) |
| NO | Inhibition | AC5, AC6 | McVey et al. (1999); Hill et al. (2000) |
| Raf kinase | Stimulation | AC2, AC5, AC6 | Ding et al. (2004) |
| RGS proteins | Inhibition | AC3, AC5 | Sinnarajah et al. (2001); Xie et al. (2012) |