Preclinical antinociception drug profile for morphine: a positive control
| Pain Behavior (Dependent Variable)a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unconditioned Behavior US→UR | Classical Conditioning CS+US; CS→UR | Operant Conditioning SD→R→SC | ||||||
| Pain Stimulus (Independent Variable) | PS→UR | PS→[US→UR] | CS+PS; CS→UR | PS→[CS+US; CS→UR] | PS→R→SC | SD→R→PS | PS→[SD→R→SC] | |
| Noxious | Thermal | 1–4 | 10 | 11, 12 | ||||
| Mechanical | 2, 3 | 13 | ||||||
| Chemical | 3–5 | 6–9 | Table 3 | 4, 14, 15 | ||||
| Inflammation | + Thermal | 16 | 24–26 | |||||
| + Mechanical | 16–18 | Table 3 | 27 | |||||
| Spontaneous | 19, 20 | 6, 17, 20–23 | Table 3 | Table 4 | 21, 28, 29 | |||
| Neuropathy | + Thermal | 30, 31 | ||||||
| + Mechanical | 30–32 | Table 3 | 13 | |||||
| Spontaneous | 33 | Table 4 | 34 | |||||
Citations are shown to illustrate effects produced by systemic administration of morphine in preclinical procedures using the designated pain stimulus to produce the designated pain behavior. For this and all other drug profile tables, fill color indicates predominant drug effects as follows: green, drug usually effective; blue, drug effects equivocal; and red, drug usually ineffective. No fill indicates drug not tested. Citations are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to illustrate typical outcomes.
↵a Numbers correspond to the following references: 1) Morgan et al., 1999; 2) Craft et al., 2012; 3) Seguin et al., 1995; 4) Neelakantan et al., 2015; 5) Bagdas et al., 2016; 6) Negus et al., 2015; 7) Miller et al., 2011; 8) Stevenson et al., 2006; 9) Matson et al., 2010; 10) Thomas et al., 1992; 11) Vierck et al., 2002; 12) Kangas and Bergman, 2014; 13) Harte et al., 2016; 14) Altarifi et al., 2015; 15) Martin et al., 2017; 16) Hargreaves et al., 1988; 17) Cobos et al., 2012; 18) Kristensen et al., 2017; 19) Sotocinal et al., 2011; 20) Herrera et al., 2018; 21) Martin et al., 2004; 22) Rutten et al., 2014a; 23) Kandasamy et al., 2017; 24) Neubert et al., 2005; 25) Neubert et al., 2006; 26) Balayssac et al., 2014; 27) Rohrs et al., 2015; 28) Ewan and Martin, 2014; 29) Ririe et al., 2018; 30) Nazemi et al., 2012; 31) Erichsen and Blackburn-Munro, 2002; 32) van der Kam et al., 2008; 33) Wilkerson et al., 2018; and 34) Leitl and Negus, 2016.