Preconceived strategies for applying biased signaling to therapeutic advantage
| Receptor | Therapeutic Application | References |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | Neuropsychiatric disorders | Lawler et al. (1994, 1999), Roth et al. (2004), Beaulieu et al. (2007), Allen et al. (2011), Möller et al. (2017) |
| Muscarinic M1 | Alzheimer disease | Galandrin et al. (2007) |
| Muscarinic M3 | Alzheimer disease | Poulin et al. (2010) |
| Calcium | Kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism | Thomsen et al. (2012), Leach et al. (2015) |
| Ghrelin-R1a | Obesity, growth hormone secretion | Evron et al. (2014), M’Kadmi et al. (2015) |
| Cannabinoid-1 | Pain management, addiction, energy metabolism, diabetes, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis | Laprairie et al. (2017) |
| Apelin | Heart failure, pulmonary artery hypertension, myocardial infarction | Japp et al. (2010), Yang et al. (2015), Read et al. (2016) |
| CXCR4, CCR6, CCR7 | Cancer metastasis | Roy et al. (2014, 2017) |
| μ-Opioid | Analgesia | Bohn et al. (2004), DeWire et al. (2013), Manglik et al. (2016), Viscusi et al. (2016), Altarifi et al. (2017) |
| Adenosine A2B | Cardioprotection, diabetes, cancer | Wei et al. (2013), Merighi et al. (2015), Vecchio et al. (2016) |
| Adenosine A1 | Ischemia reperfusion injury, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia | Valant et al. (2014) |
| κ-Opioid | Analgesia | White et al. (2015) |
| Sphingosine 1 phosphate 1 | Immunomodulation, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection | Oo et al. (2007) |
| Hydroxyl carboxylic acid receptor | Lipid lowering | Walters et al. (2009) |
| Urotensin receptor | Hypertension, heart failure, cardiac fibrosis | Brulé et al. (2014) |
| PAR-1 | Thrombin with decreased bleeding | McLaughlin et al. (2005) |
| δ-opioid | Migraine, Parkinson disease, neuropathic pain | Pradhan et al. (2011), White et al. (2015) |
| PTH receptor | Osteoporosis | Gesty-Palmer et al. (2009) |
| PACAP | Chronic pain, stress-related disorders | May and Parsons (2017) |
| PAR-1/2 | Cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation | Zhao et al. (2014), Bar-Shavit et al. (2016), Jiang et al. (2017), Sebastiano et al. (2017) |
| β-adrenergic | Heart failure | Haney and Hancox (2006), Jozwiak et al. (2010) |
| Endothelin | Cancer | Maguire (2016), Bologna et al. (2017) |
| Formyl peptide receptor | Myocardial infarction | Qin et al. (2017) |
| GLP-1 | Diabetes | Koole et al. (2013) |
| Angiotensin-1R | Renal fibrosis, cardiomyopathy | Maning et al. (2017), Ryba et al. (2017); Wang et al. (2017) |
| Neurotensin-1 | Addiction | Barak et al. (2016) |
| MC4R | Obesity | Yang and Tao (2017) |
| Oxytoxin | Dysfunctional labor, hemorrhage | Grotegut et al. (2011) |
| mGluR7 | Learning, memory disorders | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Histamine H1/H2 | Cancer | Monczor and Fernandez (2016) |
MC4R, melanocortin receptor 4; mGluR, metabotropic glutamate receptor.