TABLE 2

Studies examining the effects of MDMA on working memory

Article	Task^{^a}	Subjects^{^b}	Doses/Frequency^{^c}	Timeline^{^d}	Effects^{^e}
Harper et al., 2005	DMS	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	0.3, 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀
Harper, 2011	DMS	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	3 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀
Frederick et al., 1995a	DMS	Monkeys (R), Adult, Male	0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg (i.m.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀
Frederick et al., 1995b	DMS	Monkeys (R), Adult, Male	0.1 → 0.3 → 1 → 3 → 5.6 → 10 → 20 (14 days each) mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 14 wk AND 0.3, 1, 1.75 or 3 mg/kg (i.m.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀
LeSage et al., 1993	DMS	Pigeons (WC), Adult	0.32, 1, 1.7, 3.2, or 4.2 mg/kg (i.m.)^* AND 3.2 (20 days) → 4.2 (1 day) → 3.2 (5 days) → 5.6 (1 day) mg/kg (i.m.) × 1/day, 27 days	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀
Taffe et al., 2001	DNMS	Monkeys (R), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.m.) × 2/day, 4 days	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug, Postdrug	⌀
Marston et al., 1999	DNMS	Rats (LH), Adult, Male	10 → 15 → 20 (1 day each) mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 3 days	Training: Predrug / Testing: Postdrug	↓
Hawkey et al., 2014	OST	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	0.3, 1, 1.8, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.)^* OR 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug (Single), Postdrug (Repeated)	⌀
Costa et al., 2014	SA	Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 2 days/wk (spaced), 9 wk	Testing: Off-Drug¹, Postdrug	⌀
Edut et al., 2011	SA	Mice (ICR), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1	Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Cassel et al., 2005	SA	Rats (LE), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days	Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Kolyaduke and Hughes, 2013	SA	Rats (PVG/c), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days	Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Ricaurte et al., 1993	DA	Rats (LE), Adult, Male	20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days/wk, 2 wk (spaced)	Training/Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Young et al., 2005	DA	Rats (W), Adult, Male	1.25, 2.25, or 5 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀ (1.25 and 2.25 mg/kg) ↓ (5 mg/kg)
Viñals et al., 2012	DA	Mice (B6), Adult, Male	3 or 30 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days	Training: Predrug / Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2010	RAM	Rats (LE), Adol., Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2	Training: Postdrug	⌀
Ros-Simó et al., 2013	RAM	Mice (CD1), Adol., Male	20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2	Training: Predrug, Off-Drug², Postdrug	⌀
Kay et al., 2010	RAM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	0.75, 3, or 4 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Predrug, On-Drug	⌀ (0.75 and 3 mg/kg) ↓ (4 mg/kg)
Kay et al., 2011	RAM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND 4 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg)	⌀
Harper et al., 2013	RAM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4 AND/OR 4 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/wk, 6 wk	Training: Postdrug (10 mg/kg) and On-Drug (4 mg/kg)	⌀
Braida et al., 2002	RAM	Rats (W), Adult, Male	1, 2, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 3 days	Training: Predrug, On-Drug	⌀ (1 and 2 mg/kg) ↓ (3 mg/kg)
Robinson et al., 1993	MWM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 4 days	Training: Postdrug	⌀
Galizio et al., 2014	MWM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	0.3, 1, 1.7, 3, or 5.6 mg/kg (i.p.)^*	Training: Predrug / Testing: On-Drug	⌀

↵^a Studies used the delayed matching-to-sample (DMS), delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS), odor span task (OST), spontaneous alternation (SA), delayed alternation (DA), radial arm maze (RAM), and Morris water maze (MWM) tasks.
↵^b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include rhesus (R) monkeys; White Carneau (WC) pigeons; Lister Hooded (LH), Long Evans (LE), PVG/c hooded, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and C57BL/6 (B6), CD1, and ICR mice.
↵^c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵^d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵^e Effects of drug treatment on nonspatial working memory [DMS/DNMS, OST, DA (only Viñals et al., 2012)] and spatial working memory [SA/DA (except Viñals et al., 2012), RAM, MWM]: ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
¹ Off-drug training/testing took place on day(s) without drug administration.
↵² Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.
↵* Within-subjects design (all animals were tested multiple times at each dose including saline).