TABLE 4

Studies examining the effects of MDMA on nonspatial learning and memory

Article	Task^{^a}	Subjects^{^b}	Doses/Frequency^{^c}	Timeline^{^d}	Effects^{^e}
Ros-Simó et al., 2013	NOR	Mice (CD1), Adol., Male	20 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2	Training: Predrug, Off-Drug² / Testing: Postdrug [72 h delay]	↓
Shortall et al., 2013	NOR	Rats (LH), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 2 days	Training/Testing: On-Drug [2 h delay]	↓
Nawata et al., 2010	NOR	Mice (CD1), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1 OR × 1/day, 7 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [3 h delay]	⌀ (Single), ↓ (Repeated)
Edut et al., 2011	NOR	Mice (ICR), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1	Training/Testing: Postdrug [24 h delay]	⌀ (7 days later), ↓ (30 days later)
Rodsiri et al., 2011	NOR	Rats (LH), Adult, Male	3 or 6 mg/kg (i.p.) × 3	Training/Testing: Postdrug [2 h delay]	⌀ (3 mg/kg), ↓ (6 mg/kg)
Piper et al., 2008	NOR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4	Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 60 min delays]	⌀
Able et al., 2006	NOR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀
Cohen et al., 2005	NOR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀
Skelton et al., 2008	NOR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀
Morley et al., 2001	NOR	Rats (W), Adult, Male	5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 2 days OR × 4/day, 2 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 60 min delays]	⌀ (Single; Repeated - 60 min delay) ↓ (Repeated - 15 min delay)
McGregor et al., 2003	NOR	Rats (W), Adult, Male	5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 4/day, 2 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	↓
Abad et al., 2014	NOR	Rats (SD), Adol., Male	20 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀
van Nieuwenhuijzen et al., 2010	NOR	Rats (W), Adult, Male	5 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	↓
Kolyaduke and Hughes, 2013	NOR	Rats (PVG/c), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 10 days	Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min delay]	⌀
García-Pardo et al., 2017	NOR	Mice (OF1), Adol., Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 4 days (spaced)	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 min delay]	⌀
Llorente-Berzal et al., 2013	NOR	Rats (W), Adol.→Adult, Male/Female	10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 4 days (spaced)	Training/Testing: Postdrug [4 h delay]	⌀
Piper and Meyer, 2004	NOR	Rats (SD), Adol., Male	10 mg/kg (s.c.) × 2/day, 6 days (spaced)	Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min delay]	↓
Piper et al., 2005	NOR	Rats (SD), Adol., Male	5 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4/day, 6 days (spaced)	Training/Testing: Postdrug [15 min and 30 min delays]	⌀
Clemens et al., 2007	NOR	Rats (W), Adult, Female	8 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/wk, 16 wk	Training/Testing: Postdrug [20 min delay]	⌀
Costa et al., 2014	NOR	Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male	10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 2/day, 2 days/wk (spaced), 9 wk	Training/Testing: Off-Drug¹, Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀ (Off-Drug), ↓ (Postdrug)
Schulz et al., 2013	NOR	Rats (W), Adol./Adult, Male	7.5 mg/kg (s.c.) × 1/day (10 days) and 2/day (5 days), 15 days (spaced/randomized)	Training/Testing: Postdrug [25 min delay]	↓
Abad et al., 2016	NOR	Mice (B6), Adol.→Adult, Male	5 (2 wk) → 7.5 (3 wk) → 10 (3 wk) mg/kg (s.c.) × 3/day, 1 day/wk, 8 wk	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h and 24 h delays]	⌀ (1 h delay), ↓ (24 h delay)
Skelton et al., 2008	NPR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk	Training/Testing: Postdrug [1 h delay]	⌀
Pompei et al., 2002	SR	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	1, 5, or 10 mg/kg (i.p.) × 1/day, 8 days	Training: Off-Drug² / Testing: On-Drug [2 h delay]	↑ (1 and 5 mg/kg), ⌀ (10 mg/kg)
Able et al., 2006	CWM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4	Testing: Postdrug	↓
Skelton et al., 2008	CWM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4 OR × 4/day, 1 day/wk, 5 wk	Testing: Postdrug	⌀
Vorhees et al., 2011	CWM	Rats (SD), Adult, Male	15 mg/kg (s.c.) × 4	Testing: Postdrug	⌀

↵^a Studies used the novel object recognition (NOR), novel place recognition (NPR), social recognition (SR), and Cincinnati water maze (CWM) tasks.
↵^b Species (strain), age, and sex of subjects. Strains include Lister Hooded (LH), PVG/c hooded, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar (W) rats; and C57BL/6 (B6), CD1, ICR, and OF1 mice.
↵^c Dose, route, and frequency of MDMA administration. Treatment days/weeks are consecutive unless noted as “spaced.”
↵^d When training and testing occurred in relation to drug treatment, and duration of delay period between training and testing for recognition tasks. Pre- and post-drug training/testing were always conducted off-drug.
↵^e Effects of drug treatment on nonspatial learning (CWM) and recognition memory (NOR, NPR, SR): ⌀ No Effect, ↓ Impairment, ↑ Enhancement.
¹ Off-drug training/testing took place on day(s) without drug administration.
² Off-drug training/testing took place immediately before drug administration on (last) day of treatment.