Reference | Cohort | Design | Intervention | Treatment Duration | Baseline BP (mm Hg) | Max ΔBP (mm Hg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Larsen et al., 2006 | HV | Crossover | NaNO3, 0.1 mmol/kg per day | 3 days | Clinic BP not stated | N.S./−3.7 |
Age = 24 | n = 17 | NaCl, 0.1 mmol/kg per day placebo | ||||
Webb et al., 2008b | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice (500 ml), 22.5 mmol nitrate | 1 day | Clinic 108/70 | −10.4/−8.0 |
Age = 26 | n = 14 | Matched-volume water control | ||||
Bailey et al., 2009 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 11.2 mmol nitrate | 6 days | Clinic BP not stated | −6/ N.S. |
Age = 26 | n = 8 | Matched-volume black currant juice control | ||||
Kapil et al., 2010 | HV | Crossover | KNO3, 24 mmol | 1 day | Clinic 110/70 | −9.4/−6.0 |
Age = 23 | n = 20 | KCl, 24 mmol placebo | ||||
Kapil et al., 2010 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice (250 ml), 5.6 mmol nitrate | 3 h | Clinic 121/71 | −5.4/ N.S. |
Age = 25 | n = 9 | Matched-volume water control | ||||
Bailey et al., 2010 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 5.1 mmol nitrate | 6 days | Clinic 125/73 | −5/−2 |
Age = 28 | n = 7 | Matched-volume black currant juice control | ||||
Vanhatalo et al., 2010 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 5.2 mmol nitrate | 15 days | Clinic 127/72 | −7/ N.S. |
Age = 29 | n = 8 | Matched-volume black currant juice control | ||||
Sobko et al., 2010 | HV | Crossover | Japanese diet, 0.3 mmol/kg per day nitrate | 10 days | Clinic BP not stated | N.S./−4.5 |
Age = 36 | n = 25 | Low-nitrate diet (nitrate content not stated) | ||||
Lansley et al., 2011b | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 6.2 mmol nitrate | 6 days | Clinic 129/66 | −5/ N.S. |
Age = 22 | n = 9 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Lansley et al., 2011a | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 6.2 mmol nitrate | 2.5 h | Clinic 131/72 | −6/ N.S. |
Age = 21 | n = 9 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Cermak et al., 2012a | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 8 mmol nitrate | 6 days | Clinic 119/74 | N.S. |
Age = 31 | n = 12 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Coles and Clifton 2012 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 7.5 mmol nitrate | 1 day | Clinic 132/81 | N.S. |
Age = 43 | n = 30 | Matched-volume apple juice (colored) | 24 h ABP not stated | N.S. | ||
Bahra et al., 2012 | HV | Crossover | 8 mmol KNO3 | 3 h | 116/67 | −4.9/ N.S. |
Age = 28 | n = 14 | 8 mmol KCl placebo | ||||
Bondonno et al., 2012 | HV | Crossover | High-nitrate meal (spinach), 2.9 mmol nitrate | 3.3 h | Clinic 112/68 | −2.7/ N.S. |
Age = 47 | n = 30 | Low-nitrate meal (apple) or drink (rice milk), each < 0.1 mmol | ||||
Kelly et al., 2013 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 9.6 mmol nitrate | 3 days | Clinic 125/74 | −5/−3 |
Age = 64 | n = 12 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Liu et al., 2013 | HV | Crossover | High-nitrate meal (spinach), 3.5 mmol nitrate | 3.5 h | Clinic 119/71 | −7.5/ N.S. |
Age = 59 | n = 26 | Low-nitrate meal + rice milk (nitrate content not stated) | (peak 2 h) | |||
Joris and Mensink, 2013 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 8.0 mmol nitrate | 4 h | Clinic 135/93 | N.S./−4 |
Age = 61 | n = 20 | Control drink (not specified) | ||||
Wylie et al., 2013 | HV | Crossover (four limbs) | Beetroot juice, 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol nitrate | 1 day | Clinic 119/68 | 16.8 mmol: −9/−4; 8.4 mmol: −10/−3; 4.2 mmol: −5/ N.S. |
Age = 23 | n = 10 | 140 ml water control | ||||
Bond et al., 2013 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 12.1 mmol nitrate | 2 h | Clinic BP not stated | −5/ N.S. |
Bond et al., 2014 | Age = 21 | n = 12 | Matched-volume orange juice | |||
Bondonno et al., 2014b | HV | Crossover | High-nitrate diet, estimated >4.8 mmol nitrate daily | 7 days | Clinic 130/76 | N.S. |
Age = 47 | n = 38 | Low-nitrate diet, estimated <1.6 mmol nitrate daily | ||||
Rammos et al., 2014 | HV, moderate CV risk | Parallel (two-arm) | NaNO3, 0.15 μmol/kg per day | 28 days | Clinic 137/80 | −8/ N.S. |
Age = 63 | n = 10 to 11 | Matched–molar weight NaCl placebo | ||||
Jajja et al., 2014 | HV, overweight | Parallel (two-arm) | Beetroot juice, 2.6–6.5 mmol nitrate daily | 21 days | Home 130/77 | Home: −7.2/ N.S.; clinic: N.S.; 24 h ABP: N.S. |
Ashor et al., 2015 | Age = 62 | n = 10 to 11 | Matched-volume black currant juice control | Clinic 135/77 24 h | ||
ABP 126/81 | ||||||
Jovanovski et al., 2015 | HV | Crossover | High-nitrate soup (spinach), 13.6 mmol nitrate daily | 7 days | Clinic 116/69 | −4.1/−4.4 |
Age = 25 | n = 27 | Low-nitrate soup, 0.01 mmol daily control | ||||
Ashworth et al., 2015 | HV | crossover | High-nitrate food, estimated 5.5 mmol nitrate daily | 7 days | Clinic 107/63 | −4.0/ N.S. |
Age = 20 | n = 19 | Low-nitrate food, estimated 0.13 mmol nitrate daily | ||||
Bourdillon et al., 2015 | HV | Crossover | NaNO3, 0.1 mmol/kg per day | 3 days | Plethysmographic finger BP 125/75 | N.S. |
Age = 31 | n = 12 | NaCl, 0.1 mmol/kg per day placebo | ||||
Lee et al., 2015 | HV | Crossover | Beetroot juice, 6.4 mmol nitrate | 15 days | Clinic 116/77 | −4/−4 |
Age = 22 | n = 14 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Jonvik et al., 2016 | HV | Crossover (four-limb) | NaNO3, 12.9 mmol | 5 h | Clinic BP not stated | NaNO3: N.S./−4; rocket: −6/−6 |
Age = 28 | n = 18 | Rocket, beetroot, and spinach juice, all 12.9 mmol nitrate | Beet: −5/−7.5; spinach: −7/−5 | |||
Choi et al., 2016 | HV | Crossover (two-limb) | Beetroot juice, 5.6 mmol nitrate | 15 days | 132/86 | Both SBP and DBP reduced |
Age = 23 | n = 12 | Colored water control | ||||
Raubenheimer et al., 2017 | HV | Crossover (two-limb) | Beetroot juice, 12.9 mmol nitrate | 3 h | 133/89 | −7.9/−5.7 |
Age = 64 | n = 12 | Nitrate-deplete beetroot juice placebo | ||||
Jones et al., 2019 | HV | Parallel (two-arm) | Beetroot juice, 6.5 mmol nitrate | 4 wk | 129/75 | N.S. |
Age = 63 | n = 7–11 | Prune juice control |
HV, healthy volunteers.